The Effects Of Alcohol And Drugs On Society Essay

Alcohol’s importance in our social history is sufficiently great. Even more significant is the abuse of alcohol and how alcohol has affected modern society. For several decades, alcohol and drugs has been a major problem in our society. Not only has the drug problem increased but also drug related problems are rising day by day. There is no crime in the world that kills teenagers more than alcohol does. Those substances affect the body in many ways. As they say, anything that anyone gets addicted to is called addiction. Addiction is partly Biological, psychological and partly social. Using drugs increases the risk of injury. Addiction is a disease. The usage of alcohol and drugs affects a person by their appearance and makes them depressed. In this term paper I will be discussing how symptoms, and the progression of alcohol and drugs. According to researchers, in Schick Shadel Hospital, the progression of alcoholism is a three-stage pattern, each stage getting more severe over the course of time. The duration of the pattern is depending on the individual and on their situation. Stage 1 would be the Developmental Zone. In this stage symptoms are very low at this point. Drinking symptoms are occasional. This zone includes social drinking, drinking faster and more than others, suffering memory blackouts and having a drink at least once a week. Stage 2 is the Zone of Overt Alcoholism. In stage two symptoms are occurring more than the first stage. Meaning they are moreShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Drugs And Its Effects On Society940 Words   |  4 PagesDrugs; whether they are licit or illicit (legal or illegal), will be used and abused by numerous people in this world. If the drug is considered legal, it doesn’t mean that it can’t be addicting or good for your body; most licit drugs are just as harmful to the body as the ones that are illicit. In this essay I will be discussing two different drugs; alcohol which is a licit drug, and heroin which is an illicit drug. We will touch the following subjects and how they may impact the family, what theRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Alcohol On Society1552 Words   |  7 Pagesrespectful, and I am imaginative. My parents have always been positive influences in my life. They have helped me in being the person who I am today. I have been shown that drugs and alcohol are not needed at a young age, or at all. When you are older and your brain has fully developed maybe then you can start drinking. Drugs can harm you and put you down a terrible path. By this, it has helped me make positive choices in my life. I eat healthy and exercise to have a state of well-being. I see myRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Drug Abuse On People, Families, Friends And Society1013 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain why alcohol and drug abuse have a negative impact on people, families, friends and society. The abuse of alcohol and drugs knows no boundaries, it does not discriminate. It affects rich and poor, black and white, young and old. Many people don’t consider alcohol as a drug since it is â€Å"legal† after age 21, but in reality it is one of the most addictive â€Å"legal† substances on t he planet. They don’t realize that they have a problem when in reality what they have is an addiction. Alcohol isn’t theRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Drug Abuse On Criminal Activities1620 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion: Whilst many theorists have differing views on whether or not alcohol and drug abuse is related to criminal activities, there are however a variety of preventative and intervention methods known commonly as ‘harm reduction’. This theory aims to assist in society’s responses in how we intervene when it comes to drug abusers as well as how the use of drug taking harms society itself. Such designed strategies aim to reduce and eventually stop substance abuse. Harm reduction methods can comeRead More Drugs and Alcohol Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Drugs and Alcohol For nearly 85 years, the government has prohibited pscychoactive drugs. American leaders attempted to do the same to alcohol with Prohibition in the 1920?s. In any society, drug use plays a part in the people?s culture. Whether it be a native taking hallucinogens for a religious ceremony, a destitute alcoholic drinking on a city street, or a group of teenagers smoking marijuana, drugs and alcohol have the same effects in any culture. The question of ?why do people use drugs? hasRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Consumption On Popular Recreational Soft Drugs1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe recreational use of soft drugs such as marijuana or ecstasy is less harmful than alcohol consumption and therefore should be decriminalised. When you hear the word drugs, what’s the first thing that comes to mind? A nightclub full of adolescents, hopped up on happy pills, raving until night turns to day, or going down to the liquor store to buy a bottle of wine with dinner? Decriminalising recreational soft drugs is something that cannot be taken lightly, and a decision that can have many negativeRead MoreAdvocation for Legalizing Recreational Marijuana1332 Words   |  5 Pageswhether the legalization of marijuana is more beneficial or harmful to the economy. Marijuana, also known as weed, is a mixture of the dried and shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the cannabis sativa plant. It’s the most widely used illegal drug in the United States, even though studies have shown results that the benefits of using marijuana for medicinal or recreational reasons far outweigh the negative matters that may be associated with its use. While marijuana is still a controlled substanceRead More Alcohol and Alco holism Essay682 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol and Alcoholism Alcohol is a drug, but unlike the other drugs, marijuana, cocaine, heroine, and probably all the others for some reason this is socially accepted and is legal. Alcohol is bad for you and does have long term affects associated with it. Such as the long addiction to it, effects on the body, and the social interaction effects. Alcohol, and alcoholism is common in America, but drinking is more common around kids. Social drinking a term kids and drinkers haveRead MoreAlcohol Is A Popular Ingredient1694 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society, alcohol is a popular ingredient in numerous products and beverages. And for better or worse, alcohol has shaped our civilization for many centuries. Alcohol is any organic compound, which the hydroxyl functional group is bound to a saturated carbon atom. It is classed as a depressant, which is an ingredient that slows down vital functions resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement, disturbed perceptions and an inability to react quickly. As for how it affects the mind, alcohol isRead MoreDrug And Alcohol Abuse Has Been Rife1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades, drug and alcohol abuse has been rife. They are a huge problem in our society. Not only has the drug problem increased, but many drug related problems are rising as well. Men, women, and children are becoming addicted to illicit substances because they are too available to them. Billions of dollars are spent to aid the prevention of drug abuse, to treat addicts, and to fight the war on drugs. This is a very combative problem, the more it’s fought, the more it fights back. Drugs and alcohol not

The Queer Reading Of Nick Gatsby - 1537 Words

As insane as this sounds, I ve done the research. It s plausible. The idea isn t original; it was first proposed by Carlyle Thompson, a professor of African American and American literature at Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York. There s actually quite a bit of evidence to support it, just as there is to support the queer reading of Nick. Gatsby is described by Nick, his tanned skin and short hair look as though it were trimmed every day (Fitzgerald 50). The short hair and the appearance of daily trimmings could definitely refer to the grooming habits of African American men. Gatsby s West Egg mansion is on more than 40 acres of lawn and garden (Fitzgerald 5), which is specifically interesting, because freed slaves were to be given 40 acres and a mule by decree of Sherman s Special Field Orders, No. 15. More than is stated, but instead of giving us that exact number--it could be 41 acres or 400--but we re given 40. It should be noted that 40 acres and a mule was oft promised, but a promise not always kept and inconsistently applied (Oubre 79). There s an obvious metaphor for a man who feels deserving of something he doesn t get, i.e., Daisy. Gatsby would be unlikely to achieve the level of success he did in the roaring 20s if he were black, and some of the upper-crust white folk would be likely to notice or take issue with his race, so it s only a plausible theory if he were able to pass himself off as white. There is evidence for this,Show MoreRelatedThe New Criticism, Structuralism, New Historical And African American Criticism1991 Words   |  8 Pagesthe conclusion. 1. Definition New Criticism The word New Criticism was appearing on the book, The New Criticism, written by John Crowe Ransom. In his book, The New Criticism, Ransom came up with a new formalist current, which emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object. It soon became a dominated theory in the middle of 20th century in Anglo-America.( Tyson, 135) Structuralism BasicallyRead MoreShort Summary of the Great Gatsby11203 Words   |  45 Pagesexceedingly ambivalent about the notion of the American dream: for him, it was at once vulgar and dazzlingly promising. It need scarcely be noted that such fascinated ambivalence is itself typically American. Like the central character of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald had an intensely romantic imagination; he once called it a heightened sensitivity to the promises of life. The events of Fitzgeralds own life can be seen as a struggle to realize those promises. He attended both St. Paul Academy (1908-10)

Barbie Dolls And Self Image Essay Example For Students

Barbie Dolls And Self Image Essay Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter!Barbie dollsand Self ImageThere is a noticeable comparison betweenthe poem The Mirror By Sylvia Plath the article Barbie that appearedin the Newsday Tuesday November 18, 1997. The comparison is about how peoplelook, and how society could reflect how you may feel about your looks. In the poem The Mirror it tells abouta lady who dislikes the way she looks. She thinks of herself as being ugly. In the article it tells how Mattel (the makers of Barbie) want to changethe looks features of Barbie. The reason for wanting to change the looksis because the makers of Barbie made Barbie to pretty. Compared to normalpeople. Now being pretty is not a bad thing. But for little girls growingup they may feel like they want to look like Barbie. Barbie is very skinnyand has a great face. So little girls may stop eating or doing other things,so they could look like Barbie. But it wont happen, Barbie is a doll. Peopleare real not Barbie dolls. In the poem it shows how the lady wantsto be pretty. So the lady takes short cuts to make her self look betterto her self. Such as being in a candle lit rooms. But when the lady isin a regular lit room she becomes ugly to her self again. The reason Mattel is changing the appearanceof Barbie is because little girls impact on the way society looks uponthem. And this could hurt somones self esteem, and could damage the waysomeone looks upon ones self. In the poem the girl tries to make her selfprettier, by creating artificial pretty ness. But in the end the mirrornever lies. The poem the article compare about how the way peoplelook ad feel, and how society has a role on their lives.

Keeping The Environment Clean Essay Example

Keeping The Environment Clean Paper There are trees,herbal plants people cant live without this environment. All of us want this environment to spend our life. So we get many things from environment. Example water,trees,erratic. Elf you clean this surroundings all of us can healthy and strong life-So we must clean our environment. But todays population are increasing. These population live with environment. So day by day,the people destroy this environment. Specially,I want to tell about the air pollution. Len our country,have many industries. So this industries throw chemicals and vessels. N this case,collect lot of reverberation air then pollute environment. So many people put garbage to the water. Some times this activity do industries. They put their garbage,chemicals to this water. We can get many information regarding this from T M and newspapers-So what happened this case pollute the water. Many time the fishes are killed. Alt will be poisonous. And also many people set fire to chance cultivating. Alt pollutes t he environment -We can see so many garbage on road sides. Villager collect the garbage and they use these garbage as their plants. So if you pollute this imprisonment Will note able to grow foods. So we will decide not to pollute the environment-I grew up in a environment where pollution, disease, and other problems are a big issue. Cars and factories release greenhouse gases into the air, and forests are being cut down. In other countries, many people are behind on cures for diseases. Many people talk about how the polar ice caps are melting and the ozone layer depleting. An Inconvenient Truth opened my eyes to see how todays technology and garbage affect these environmental disasters, and want to do something about it. Do some things to make myself more environmentally friendly. Ilk to school instead of driving because I live bout two blocks away. I also take the bus when I go downtown or my friends house. When need to get somewhere and many people are going I carpool with some friends. I recycle any cardboard boxes and milk cartons, and I reuse water bottles and fill them with filtered tap water instead of buying more water. I take short showers and I dont leave the facet o n when am brushing my teeth. At school, am constantly learning about the environment and how we are affecting it I noticed recycle and compost bins in the cafeteria and an old Asian woman picking up cans and bottles in the gym. In the A. P. We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping The Environment Clean specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping The Environment Clean specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping The Environment Clean specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Environmental Science class, I see how other third world countries are less fortunate than us and how we just dump our trash in their countries. We need to find a way to use less resources and produce less trash so other countries can improve their standard of living. During the summer of 2008, I was a intern at North East Medical Services (NEWS), which is a clinic near Chinatown. Worked as a lab technical assistant and they had strict safety regulations. I always had to wash my hands and wear latex gloves because I was transporting blood samples. My mentor told me that a clean work place reduces the chance of people spreading any diseases. He also told me that many people are ill because their houses or work places are unsanitary. A clean environment is good for everyone, but we are far from one. If we continue what we are doing, most of our natural resources would be gone and our future generations would have nothing to survive on. We should focus more on renewable energy sources like the wind, sun, and maybe even rain instead of wasting all of our fossil fuels. We also need to do more with our trash instead of burning or burying it. Hope that if apply my studies to environmental problems and coming up with a solution to them, can help make a better future for everyone.

The Battle of Chancellorsville in the Civil War

The Battle of Chancellorsville in the Civil War Conflict Dates: The Battle of Chancellorsville was fought May 1-6, 1863, and was part of the American Civil War. Armies Commanders: Union Major General Joseph Hooker133,868 men Confederate General Robert E. Lee60,892 men Background: In the wake of the Union disaster at the Battle of Fredericksburg and subsequent Mud March, Major General Ambrose Burnside was relieved and Major General Joseph Hooker given command of the Army of the Potomac on January 26, 1863. Known as an aggressive fighter in battle and a severe critic of Burnside, Hooker had compiled a successful resume as a division and corps commander. With the army encamped on the east bank of the Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, Hooker took the spring to reorganize and rehabilitate his men after the trials of 1862. Included in this shakeup of the army was the creation of an independent cavalry corps under Major General George Stoneman. To the west of the town, General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia remained in place along the heights they had defended the previous December. Short on supplies and needing to protect Richmond against a Union thrust up the Peninsula, Lee detached over half of Lieutenant General James Longstreets First Corps south to aid in gathering provisions. Operating in southern Virginia and North Carolina, the divisions of Major Generals John Bell Hood and George Pickett began funneling food and stores north to Fredericksburg. Already outnumbered by Hooker, the loss of Longstreets men gave Hooker over a 2-to-1 advantage in manpower. The Union Plan: Aware of his superiority and utilizing information from his newly-formed Bureau of Military Intelligence, Hooker devised one of the strongest Union plans to date for his spring campaign. Leaving Major General John Sedgwick with 30,000 men at Fredericksburg, Hooker intended to secretly march northwest with the rest of the army, then cross the Rappahannock in Lees rear. Attacking east as Sedgwick advanced west, Hooker sought to catch the Confederates in a large double envelopment. The plan was to be supported by a large-scale cavalry raid conducted by Stoneman which was to cut the railroads south to Richmond and sever Lees supply lines as well as prevent reinforcements from reaching the battle.   Moving out on April 26-27, the first three corps successfully crossed the river under the guidance of Major General Henry Slocum. Pleased that Lee was not opposing the crossings, Hooker ordered the remainder of his forces to move out and by May 1 had concentrated around 70,000 men around Cha ncellorsville (Map). Lee Responds: Located at the crossroads of the Orange Turnpike and Orange Plank Road, Chancellorsville was little more than a large brick house owned by the Chancellor family which was located in a thick pine thicket forest known as the Wilderness. As Hooker moved into position, Sedgwicks men crossed the river, advanced through Fredericksburg, and took up a position opposite the Confederate defense on Maryes Heights. Alerted to the Union movement, Lee was forced to divide his smaller army and left Major General Jubal Earlys division and Brigadier General William Barksdales brigade at Fredericksburg while he marched west on May 1 with around 40,000 men. It was his hope that by aggressive action, he would be able to attack and defeat part of Hookers army before its larger numbers could be concentrated against him. He also believed that Sedgwicks force at Fredericksburg would only demonstrate against Early and Barksdale rather than pose a legitimate threat. That same day, Hooker began pressing east with the goal of getting clear of the Wilderness so that his advantage in artillery could come into play. Fighting soon erupted between Major General George Sykes division of Major General George G. Meades V Corps and the Confederate division of Major General Lafayette McLaws. The Confederates got the better of the fight and Sykes withdrew. Though he retained the advantage, Hooker halted his advance and consolidated his position in the Wilderness with the intention of fighting a defensive battle. This change in approach greatly irritated several of his subordinates who sought to move their men out of the Wilderness and take some of the high ground in the area (Map). That night, Lee and Second Corps commander Lieutenant General Thomas Stonewall Jackson met to develop a plan for May 2. While they talked, Confederate cavalry commander  Major General J.E.B. Stuart arrived and reported that while the Union left was firmly anchored on the Rappahannock and their center heavily fortified, Hookers right was in the air. This end of the Union line was held by Major General Oliver O. Howards XI Corps which had camped along the Orange Turnpike. Feeling that desperate action was needed, they devised a plan which called for Jackson to take the 28,000 men of his corps on a wide flanking march to attack the Union right. Lee himself would personally command the remaining 12,000 men in an attempt to hold Hooker until Jackson could strike. In addition, the plan required the troops at Fredericksburg to contain Sedgwick. Successfully disengaging, Jacksons men were able to make the 12-mile march undetected (Map). Jackson Strikes: In position by 5:30 PM on May 2, they faced the flank of the Union XI Corps. Comprised of largely inexperienced German immigrants, the XI Corpss flank was not fixed on a natural obstacle and was essentially defended by two cannon. Charging from the woods, Jacksons men caught them completely by surprise and quickly captured 4,000 prisoners while routing the remainder. Advancing two miles, they were within sight of Chancellorsville when their advance was halted by Major General Daniel Sickles III Corps. As the fighting raged, Hooker received a minor wound, but refused to cede command (Map). At Fredericksburg, Sedgwick received orders to advance late in the day, but held off as he believed he was outnumbered. As the front stabilized, Jackson rode forward in the darkness to scout the line. While returning, his party was fired on by a group of North Carolina troops. Struck twice in the left arm and once in the right hand, Jackson was carried from the field. As Jacksons replacement, Major General A.P. Hill was incapacitated the next morning, command devolved to Stuart (Map). On May 3, the Confederates launched major attacks all along the front, forcing Hookers men to abandon Chancellorsville and form a tight defensive line in front of United States Ford. Under heavy pressure, Hooker was finally able to get Sedgwick to advance. Moving forward, he was able to reach Salem Church before being halted by Confederate troops. Late in the day, Lee, believing that Hooker was beaten, shifted troops east to deal with Sedgwick. Having foolishly neglected to leave troops to hold Fredericksburg, Sedgwick was soon cut off and forced into a defensive position near Banks Ford (Map). Fighting a superb defensive action, he repelled Confederate attacks through the day on May 4 before withdrawing across the ford early on May 5 (Map). This retreat was the result of a miscommunication between Hooker and Sedgwick, as the former had wished the ford held so that main army could cross and renew the battle. Not seeing a way to save the campaign, Hooker began retreating across United States Ford that night ending the battle (Map). Aftermath: Known as Lees perfect battle as he repeatedly broke the tenet of never dividing ones forces in the face of a superior enemy with stunning success, Chancellorsville cost his army 1,665 killed, 9,081 wounded, and 2,018 missing. Hookers army suffered 1,606 killed, 9,672 wounded, and 5,919 missing/captured. While it is generally believed that Hooker lost his nerve during the battle, the defeat did cost him his command as he was replaced by Meade on June 28. While a great victory, Chancellorsville lost the Confederacy Stonewall Jackson who died on May 10, badly damaging the command structure of Lees army. Seeking to exploit the success, Lee began his second invasion of the North which culminated in the Battle of Gettysburg. Selected Sources Fredericksburg Spotsylvania National Military Park: Battle of ChancellorsvilleCWSAC Battle Summary: Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of Chancellorsville Maps

Free Essays on Cyber

Thwarting Cyber Terrorism As technology’s benefits have made computers an increasingly important part of our society, an accurate and candid assessment of the risk of catastrophic cyber attacks has become a national priority. Criminal hackers could seriously threaten the operation of businesses and governments across the nation and around the world. The threat is real, increasing and already has proven costly. The variety and severity of computer viruses that have spread across the Internet in just the last few years underscores the impact. Cyber attacks – ranging from the "ILOVEYOU" virus to the "Trinoo" attacks and the recent "Ramen, Lion" and "Code Red" worms – have cost an estimated $5 billion. Today, computer systems are at the heart of government operations ranging from the smallest city hall to the Pentagon. They are an essential part of the critical infrastructures that drive our economy, including telecommunications, energy transmission, financial services, manufacturing, water distribution, transportation and health care. Securing these critical infrastructures will require close collaboration between government and the private sector, continued efforts to enhance technology security, tougher penalties for cyber crimes and increased funding for law enforcement efforts to fight it. Today, criminal hackers are working around the clock and around the world to find and exploit vulnerabilities in software, steal data, violate people’s privacy and maliciously shut down computer networks. Additional resources are needed by the Department of Justice and the FBI to hire, train and equip agents and prosecutors specializing in cyber crime. International cyber crime laws and penalties must be strengthened. The author of the "Lovebug" virus remains free because his nation did not have cyber crime laws. The "AnnaKournikova" virus caused billions of dollars in damage, but the individual who distributed it received onl... Free Essays on Cyber Free Essays on Cyber Thwarting Cyber Terrorism As technology’s benefits have made computers an increasingly important part of our society, an accurate and candid assessment of the risk of catastrophic cyber attacks has become a national priority. Criminal hackers could seriously threaten the operation of businesses and governments across the nation and around the world. The threat is real, increasing and already has proven costly. The variety and severity of computer viruses that have spread across the Internet in just the last few years underscores the impact. Cyber attacks – ranging from the "ILOVEYOU" virus to the "Trinoo" attacks and the recent "Ramen, Lion" and "Code Red" worms – have cost an estimated $5 billion. Today, computer systems are at the heart of government operations ranging from the smallest city hall to the Pentagon. They are an essential part of the critical infrastructures that drive our economy, including telecommunications, energy transmission, financial services, manufacturing, water distribution, transportation and health care. Securing these critical infrastructures will require close collaboration between government and the private sector, continued efforts to enhance technology security, tougher penalties for cyber crimes and increased funding for law enforcement efforts to fight it. Today, criminal hackers are working around the clock and around the world to find and exploit vulnerabilities in software, steal data, violate people’s privacy and maliciously shut down computer networks. Additional resources are needed by the Department of Justice and the FBI to hire, train and equip agents and prosecutors specializing in cyber crime. International cyber crime laws and penalties must be strengthened. The author of the "Lovebug" virus remains free because his nation did not have cyber crime laws. The "AnnaKournikova" virus caused billions of dollars in damage, but the individual who distributed it received onl...

Employment and Contract Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employment and Contract Assignment - Essay Example This practice is carried by many employers towards their certain employees with a certain status. Employers often keep a track of their confidential information and their relations with the customers. However, during this period the employee is refrained from cultivating any relationship with the customers as well as employers make sure that the employee does not gain access to any confidential information. This restricts the employee’s access to any sort of confidential information1. It is important to understand that â€Å"Gardening Leave â€Å"period takes place where the upper level management wants to keep the position of the company protected against any threatening agreement that could damage the company’s reputation. This can be further explained from a simple example when an employee gets a job with the company’s competitor and gives his employers a notice for leaving them. In such a scenario, the employer makes sure that the employee will not pass any confidential information to the competitor that would enable them to gain the competitive edge over the employers. However, during this period the employee still remains under the terms of his Contract of Employment as he is still being paid by his employer. Therefore, it depends on the wish of his employers if they want their employee to return to his work, grants him the access to the work related information or perform his usual duties as required by his employer2. Case Laws: Evening Standard Co Ltd. v Henderson [1987] ICR 588 William-Hill Organisation Ltd. V. Tucker [1998] IRLR 313 CA Standard health Care Ltd v Gorman [2010] IRLR 233 CA Symbian Ltd v Christensen [2001] IRLR CA SG&R Valuation Service Co LLC v Boudrais [2008] IRLR 770 Majority of the employers assumed that they have the authority to enforce â€Å"gardening leave† in any situation like this even if the clause of â€Å"gardening leave† is not mentioned in the Contract of Employment. This assumption ma y risk the employers’ reputation both ethically and legally. The threat of this supposition was also highlighted in the case of â€Å"William Hill Organization Ltd -v- Tucker 1998† in which the Court of Appeal denied to permit any order where the Contract of Employment lacks any garden leave clause and any other clause that entitles the employer to refrain any of his employee from work. At the same time the Court of Appeal declined the case that there is a general implied responsibility to grant work under the contract of employment, the Court agreed that in some conditions, where the employee’s responsibilities are specific and the skills required to fulfill those responsibilities are needed regularly, the employer’s commitment under the contract of employment might, in addition to payment of the fixed compensation, puts an additional contractual obligation to offer work3. In another case of Symbian Ltd –v- Christensen 2001, the Court of Appeal su pported the assessment in Tucker’s case and declared that a garden leave clause will only be imposed to the point if it is practical in nature. In Clark v Nomura International plc 2000 case, the employee was discharged on three months’ notice on garden leave. The employee’s removal from the office itself was not unlawful, but during the garden leave notice the employee was subjected for his

Business & its Environment (2 questions) 1. Describe Ikea's strategy Essay

Business & its Environment (2 questions) 1. Describe Ikea's strategy 2.Evaluate Ikea's market entry stategy in North America - Essay Example (Brosi, Gabel, Buitt, & Stults, 2006) "Kamprad's humble beginnings (he was the son of a farmer) had created a unique IKEA culture that was founded on respect for money and an innovative mindset" (BII, 2006). Kamprad himself used his monetary assets frugally for even business purposes. His down to earth "attitude trickled down to the co-workers, who would ensure minimal wastage and cost cutting at every level and as a result, IKEA came up with products that were aesthetically designed and were still available at affordable prices" (BII, 2006). IKEA has always created well-designed and functional home products for people at low discounted prices. Yet this is not the only reason why people want to buy products from IKEA. Company's definition of Corporate Social Responsibility is very strong and it is built in every store around the world. They promote environment friendly products and supplies, have a green transport plan and use waste-to-energy technology. IKEA's 'IWAY' for minimum requirements for social, working, and environmental conditions point to the fact that green business is indeed smart business. (Webb, 2007) (Brosi, Gabel, Buitt, & Stults, 2006) IKEA has done well to build strategic alliances and franchises for expansion purposes.

Response to Horatio Alger of H. L. Dalton Essay Example for Free

Response to Horatio Alger of H. L. Dalton Essay Harlon L. Dalton in his essay Horatio Alger criticizes a concept of the American dream the idea that presents America as the country where the opportunity for a success is possible for all hard working, talented and determined people regardless of race, gender and their social status. Dalton implies that not only this idea is not true but is doing a harm to society because that equality is cover only wishful thinking and can not be true unless massive changes in society economic structure and relocation of resources will be done. Daltons essay presents the point of view with that I can only partially agree. I must say that author is probably right that in this country the opportunities are not equal for all people. Why they should be? This world is not a paradise; we cannot just overcome overnight all either what is bad in us or in our society, it a complicated and I assume time-consuming process. I would like to give an example: I could tell the employer: you must employ the African-American and not white man that will be wrong not only because it could be white man who truly deserves this position but because the employer should really be aware that what is good for his company is to employ the more talented employee. There should be no law to force him whom he could employ. Therefore, there must be change in people and their thinking; it may take sometimes a generation or two. Nevertheless, even America is not fully fulfilled dream for all people; it opened the door of success for many and still is opening for others. This vast country gave opportunity for first settlers to success. Only strong and smart could survive in the harsh environment but their hard work was well paid, and they learned how to use this land to live well. As many newcomers came, the opportunity diminished making the dream more difficult to fulfill. It does not mean that American Dream died then; it is been well preserved in American constitution and richness of this country that is a good base to create that wonderland of equal opportunities for all people. Day after day this country is changing the more women achieve the most important positions in the enterprises, the more African-American stars appears on the big  screen, our children have more friends of different races and we do not mind to go to the doctor whose color of skin is different than ours. That is a big achievement and that is American dream. Dalton says not only that we live in the inequality but also that the concept of American dream is making harm to the society because allows to believe in what is not true and stop the reforms that should be done to prevent these inequalities. In my opinion, American Dream is self-realizing idea: the more people will believe in equality the more equality will be. If every man in this country will believe that all people have equal rights that will be no need to introduce massive changes in the structure of the economy and in the location of public resources as the author suggests. The problem is people still do not believe in it and therefore act as they should not act protecting those who they should not and rejecting these whom they should protect. There is another good reason to believe in American Dream; this dream is the engine that makes people works harder and more effectively, what helps to create the economical betterment of this country. I truly believe also that if any of social or racial group feels that its rights are abused it will refuse to work hard and in consequences it will fall off from the pursuit of money and goods and this way only worsen its own situation. In the conclusion, American dream is not failed idea as author wanted to present it. Although we do not live with a total equality, this dream is reflecting people desire America to be such a country and it is the factor that is making the America what is today in economical and social dimension. Bibliography Dalton H.A. Horatio Alger.

Niels Bohrs Model Of The Hydrogen Atom :: essays research papers

Niels Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, was the primary reason for the understanding of energy levels.Bohr was able to explain the bright line spectrum of hydrogen. Sparked by the recent discovery of the diffraction patterns, scientists believed electrons could be described as waves. Bohr hypothesized that energy is being added to the hydrogen gas in the electricity form, and then leaving the gas in the form of light. He figured the light rays to be quantized, meaning only certain frequencies of the light rays can be seen. In turn, he reasoned that the hydrogen atoms themselves were quantized and, that they only can exist in certain energy levels. When the atoms absorb specific amounts of energy, they exist for a small period of time in higher energy levels. But as soon as these atoms lose their energy, they move back down to the lower levels of energy. His theory went on to state how the hydrogen atom can move up and down the energy levels, one level at a time, and can never stop in between. Every hydrogen atom is made up of a single electron - proton system. Because the negative electron is attracted to the positive proton, potential energy is created inside the atom.He figured that the farther away the electron is from the proton, the greater the potential energy is inside. In conclusion, since hydrogen atoms emit light energy in specific frequencies, the hydrogen atom must be within a specific energy level and nothing else. The different wavelengths help to determine the different colors emitted from the atom. The greater the wavelength, the faster the atom can be filled and jump to a higher level.Bohr developed his theory after studying the work of Einstein's ideas on the photons of energy.

Coleman Hawkins

The 20’s were a turning point in the history of music, which coincides with a turning point in the mindset of African Americans, especially in large cities like New York. The black entertainment industry, up until now, had always been a white mans exhibition of the Negro for white audiences (Cooper). The Harlem renaissance and the idea of the ‘New Negro’ was a precursor for a wave of African American musicians and songwriters who would not be restricted to the same conventions which their predecessors were.Coleman Hawkins learned to play the piano at the age of 5, and two years later he moved on to the cello. At 9 he learned the saxophone and by the time he was twelve he was playing in the Kansas City Theatre Pit Band. Which black musician was most frequently broadcasted throughout the 1920’s?  Coleman Hawkins first inserted himself into the Jazz scene in 1921, at the very beginning of the Jazz age and the roaring 20’s. He played alongside the trav elling blues and vaudeville star, Mamie Smith. After playing this background role for 2 years, he joined Fletcher Henderson’s Orchestra.This would reinvent Coleman Hawkins as a lead soloist and a big star of American jazz, a title that he retained for more than 40 years (Yanow). Hawkins should be included in this course because he was a major part of the swing jazz and big band movement, both in America and Europe, while reinventing the tenor saxophone as a Jazz instrument and an art form. His single, ‘Body and Soul’, was not only outrageously popular, but did so while defying many of the swing conventions of jazz music at the time.He was also one of the pioneers of early bebop and was a huge influence on later musicians such as John Coltrane and sonny Rollins. Fletcher Henderson’s Orchestra was one of the most popular and influential ‘Hot Jazz’ bands of the 20’s, and Coleman Hawkins was a full time member for 11 years and was considere d the centerpiece of the band (Oxford). Their home was the Roseland Ballroom. This dance club would later be known as the best dance club in New York. (Oxford). They also frequented the Savoy Ballroom, the most popular Black and Tan dance club in New York.This club was influential because it was a mixed race club where both blacks and whites came to dance, and racial differences were largely left at the door. â€Å"The Savoy was a building, a geographic place, a ballroom, and the soul of a neighborhood. It personified a community and an era, and became a monument to the music and dance of ‘swing’† (Engelbrecht 3). Fletcher Henderson and his Orchestra were likely the most influential swing group of the 1920’s. One measurement of this is how often Henderson and his band were recorded and broadcasted. Henderson was the most frequently recorded black musician in the first decade of Jazz’s recorded history† (Magee 8). Jeffrey Magee also notes that his highest frequency of recordings took place between 1923-1927. During this time period Coleman Hawkins was a permanent member of Henderson’s Orchestra. â€Å"The Bands instrumental star was definitely Hawkins† (Chilton 26). In the years before and after Louis Armstrong was part of Henderson’s Orchestra, Hawkins was the main soloist. â€Å"Louis influenced the band greatly by making the men swing-conscious with that New Orleans style of his.That same effect that Hawkins had on reeds, that right down-to-earth swing, with punch and bounce† (Fletcher Henderson). Coleman Hawkins had a unique style of improvisation on the tenor saxophone, which was copied by almost all tenors after Hawkins got big in the New York jazz scene. Coleman Hawkins style of playing the Tenor saxophone was his own, and was almost entirely different from anything previously heard on the tenor sax, which, in the early 20’s was still primarily a marching band instrument. Hawkins arrived at his own [Musical] style without apparently being heavily influenced by anyone in particular†(Chilton 18). Hawkins, who is widely known as a modest and unassuming man (Chilton 27), made a statement saying that, â€Å"I guess its true that I introduced a new style, a new way of playing tenor. I had a much heavier tongue, for one thing, than most of the others, and their tone was kind of thin†(Chilton 27). However, Hawkins improvisational style was not a fixed entity. He strived to move away from the bad habit of ‘slap tonging’, and began to experiment with less conventional soloing techniques. Hawkins was beginning to experiment successfully with the use of 9th chords and augmented runs as part of his improvisations, often showing his confidence by including ‘surprising notes’. †(Chilton 34). Hawkins began to put a European emphasis on his improvisations in his emphasis of the weak and strong beats (Williams 8). During the 20â₠¬â„¢s Hawkins was the top tenor saxophonist in New York, and many young sax players copied his smooth and often atonic style. â€Å"Bud Freeman was about the only tenor who didn’t sound like a replica of the hard-toned Hawkins†(Yanow).Although Coleman’s style became outdated by the 50’s with the entrance of revolutionary tenor saxophonist Lester Young (Yanow), his style was still a huge stepping stone in the history of improvisational Jazz. â€Å"Jazz improvisation has travelled a long road of development†¦This evolution [was] instigated by the titans of jazz history of the last 40 odd years: Louis Armstrong, Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young†¦etc†. Hawkins added much of his own creative musical input to his music and to the 1920’s Jazz scene in New York. Adolphe Sax invented the Tenor sax for the purpose of being a military band instrument.As the tenor sax migrated to middle class America it was adopted as a marching band instrument. Coleman Hawkins was the first musician to play jazz on the Tenor sax, and he was certainly not the last (Yanow). â€Å"The prelude to jazz tenor saxophone originates from the Wilbur Sweatman Orchestra. The sound quality is quite primitive†¦there seem to be no tenor sax solos† (Evensmo 11). Sweatman’s orchestra played prearranged music, leaving no room for improvisation, which means that their music cannot be called jazz, and falls into the category of ragtime, which is largely prearranged.Therefore, when Coleman Hawkins joined Fletcher Henderson’s orchestra, the jazz tenor saxophone was created (Evensmo 11). Since that point, there has been a plethora of tenor saxophonist’s in jazz. Many, like Coltrane and Sonny Rollins would become extremely influential jazz musicians of the bebop era. Body and Soul was Coleman Hawkins’ most influential song, and also marked a turning point in Jazz (Moore). The song was a commercial success and was enormously popular among jazz audiences(Moore), however, critics also recognize the song as a musical and improvisational masterpiece. Right away, the Hawkins version of â€Å"Body and Soul† became one of the essential documents of jazz. It was not only a hit on jukeboxes until the 1950s, but also a textbook lesson in ballad playing. †(Moore). The song ‘Body and Soul’ was originally a Tin Pan Alley hit, and was covered by various artists before Coleman Hawkins. The rhythm section in the song is very understated, and the songs chorus is played twice through while Hawkins improvises (oxford). The nature of Hawks solo is what makes this song a masterpiece. In Body and Soul, Hawkins did not use standard blues riffing, hich collects each part of the solo into even, neat sections. Instead Hawkins toyed with â€Å"Sharp cornered phrases and endless lines that were the jazz equivalent of run on sentences†. Apart from the first 4 bars, Hawkins only rarely alludes to th e melody of the original song. Instead he essentially left his solo entirely free form, which was relatively uncommon at the time in swing music1. â€Å"He danced at the upper extremes of chords, foreshadowing the altered harmonies that later were so important to bebop. But he was hardly academic. His spry, seductive tone gave every phrase an unmistakable passion. 1. Body and Soul was not only a masterpiece, it also hinted at the beginning of a new era in jazz. â€Å"When the record first came out, well, everybody said I was playing the wrong notes. It was funny to me†1. This recording was a step for jazz towards a more free form, atonic, and creative art form called bop. The remarkable thing is that Hawkins made this step while retaining mass appeal. In the 40’s and 50’s bop began to replace swing as the main popular form of jazz, although it took on a distinctively different role as a counterculture art form.Most swing musicians resented this new, edgy jazz, but Hawkins encouraged it to such a large extent that he made an effort to systematically employ and collaborate with all of the up and coming jazz artists. â€Å"Unlike others of his generation, whose attitude towards bop ranged from resentment to hostility to bemused indifference, Hawkins championed the music, earning him a degree of loyalty† 2. Hawkins was a role model to young bebop prodigies such as Kenny Clarke, Oscar Pettiford, Fats Navarro, Max Roach and especially Thelonious Monk, who remained a lifelong friend of Hawkins till his death2.It was not that these new up and coming jazz artists were looking to model their musical style after Hawkins’. Rather, they looked at Hawkins commitment to improvisation and craftsmanship and the extraordinary achievements that he’d made, being a wealthy, self made black musician in mid-century America. A 1946 recording session called ‘Bean and the Boys’; which included Fats Navarro, Milt Jackson and Max Ro ach; paid tribute to Hawkins relationship with his young proteges2. In 1944 Hawkins was involved with what is known as the first bop recording session with Dizzy Gillespie and Don Byas3.Although this classification may be somewhat arbitrary, there is no doubt that Hawkins was hugely important to early bop. His 1948 recording ‘Picasso’, a 3 minute tenor sax solo with no supporting instruments, was a creative step for jazz as the first unaccompanied sax solo recorded3. In this recording Hawkins expanded on many of musical ideas, which he pioneered in ‘Body and Soul’, and by taking out the rhythm section Hawkins is able to play an even more ‘free form’ solo which is not locked into a time signature or rhythmic scheme4.Although Hawkins was not himself part of the bop generation, he certainly was an instigator and a catalyst of the bebop revolution. â€Å"The Peculiar combination of personal traits and musical abilities that marked Hawkins – steely ambition, a strong intellect, and virtuosity – characterized the bebop revolution†1. At the start of the 1950’s, Lester Young had become a much bigger influence on young tenor saxophone players than Coleman Hawkins was. However, Hawkins stuck to his melodic, edgy style of improvising and continued to play with various bands including a quintet with Roy Elridge.Around this time Hawkins image and influence went through a resurgence period, when Sonny Rollins, the up and coming bebop tenor saxophonist, claimed that Hawkins was his main musical influence1. In an interview Rollins said, â€Å"Coleman Hawkins had a more intellectual approach maybe to music. He played a lot of very difficult things. So he became my idol†2. Like Hawkins, Rollins went on to have a long, successful career, which was characterized by many of the same qualities that Hawkins possessed.Listening to Rollins and Hawkins recordings side by side displays the distinct influence that Hawk had on Rollins. Sonny has a distinctive style of swing that takes elements from the 1930’s Harlem sound that Hawkins was a part of and Rollins grew up with3. However, similar to Hawkins, Rollins style did evolve greatly over his career. â€Å"Rollins has a seemingly bottomless reservoir of musical knowledge (ranging from jazz standards and pop, to folk songs and classical music)†3.The most important trait, which was passed on from one tenor sax great to another, was the truly progressive nature of jazz. â€Å"Coleman Hawkins†, Sonny Rollins said recently, â€Å"was of [jazz’s] most prominent ‘Role Models’: The prototypical progressive jazz musician. Coleman Hawkins was the foremost tenor sax player of the 20’s and 30’s, and played with some of the most influential bands and musicians of the swing era1. Fletcher Henderson’s band was likely the most influential group of musicians to affect the 1920’s swing danc e craze, and Hawkins played a prominent role in the orchestra2.In1934 he left America for Europe as the one of the most prominent swing musicians in New York3. He came back 5 years later to find that nothing had changed in the New York jazz scene. He went on to cut his most beautiful and influential record, Body and Soul3. In his later years, when jazz began to change around him he did not resist. He encouraged the change and allowed his own musical style to develop as well4. The one thing that remained true for Coleman Hawkins throughout his career was his commitment to jazz as a malleable and ever-changing entity.At the beginning of his career we see this when he â€Å"rescued the tenor saxophone from the oblivion of the circus†5 and turned it into an art form, and we see it in his later years when he passes on these same ideals to the next generation of jazz. He was ‘the King of the Tenor Saxaphone’, and was an extraordinary influence to the evolution of jazz. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Moon 2 Deveaux 38 [ 2 ]. Deveaux, 39 2 Deveaux, 38 3 Yanow 4Oxford [ 3 ]. Yanow 2 http://www. achievement. org/autodoc/printmember/rol0int-1 3 Carroll [ 4 ]. Magee 7 2 Chilton 23 3 Moon 4 Deveaux 39 5 Chilton 45

Effects of Human Urine on the Growth of Indian Tree Essay

I. INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Most of the Filipinos earn a living through agriculture. Throughout the years, a lot of fertilizers were improvised, mostly for the comfort of the Filipino farmers. Human urine, for example, is a well-balanced nitrogen-rich quick-reacting liquid fertilizer. It contains nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus and other nutrients depending on the diet. The health risks associated with use of human urine in plant production are generally low, that is why it’s an adequate plant fertilizer. On another note, Indian tree (Polyalthia longifolia) is a small-to-medium-sized evergreen tree growing up to 15 meters. Its leaves are long, narrow and oblanceolate, dark green, glossy and have wavy margins. It is native to India, Sri Lanka and recently introduced in the Philippines and widely cultivated in Metro Manila, planted in parks, garden and roadsides. Studies showed that the seeds of Indian Tree contain amino acids, the barks contain phytochemical, the root extract contains antimicrobial, various solvent extracts contain anti-inflammatory, and the seeds that are extracted contain antifungal. Objectives (major and minor) of the study This study, therefore, endeavors to investigate the effects of human urine on the growth of Polyalthia longifolia also commonly known as Indian Tree. It also endeavors to inform the farmers and the people in the field of agriculture practical guidance of the other uses of human urine. Significance of the Study This investigatory project entitled â€Å"The Effects Of Human Urine On The Growth Of Indian Tree† will be conducted in order to help and inform the people especially the farmers that â€Å"the economical value of the urine can be calculated by comparing with the price of mineral fertilizer on the local market or by calculating the value of the increased yield of the fertilizer.† (Anna Richert, et.al., 2010-2011). We would like it to be one of the aspects that contribute to the progression of our technology especially in the field of agriculture. This can add knowledge to students, teachers and administrators in making a research and improving their experiment especially those who are working on herbal medicine. This project aims to guide the future researchers in making their experiment. Scope and Limitation This study will focus on using the human urine as a fertilizer. Human urine, water and a combination of both will be poured on to the soil of the Indian plant. Using a commercially available Indian plant will make a comparative appraisal. This study, however, will not alter the active compounds of the soil and the seed itself. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Ricker, A. et.al. (2010) stated that urine is an aqueous solution made up of more than 95 per cent water, with the remaining constituents made up of urea, creatinine, dissolved ions (chloride, sodium, potassium, etc), inorganic and organic compounds or salts. Most of these remain in solution, but there can be a tendency for phosphorus-rich substances to sediment in containers that are stored for hygienization. This substance has a syrupish texture, and if urine is collected in a piping system, this â€Å"urine syrup† can sediment in pipes if the inclination is not sufficient. Differences in composition of excreta between different regions reflect differences in the uptake of consumed crops and thus in the plant nutrient supply needed for maintaining crop fertility in the region. Urine used directly or after storage is a high quality, low cost alternative to the application of N-rich mineral fertilizer in plant production. The nutrients in urine are in ionic form and their plan t-availability compares well with chemical fertilizer (Johansson et al., 2001; Kirchmann and Pettersson, 1995; Simons and Clemens 2004). Urine also contains large amounts of phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and micronutrients, but due to its high content of N, its P/N and K/N ratios are lower than in many mineral fertilizers used for crop production, and lower than what many crops need according to fertilizer recommendations. An advantage of urine in comparison with organic fertilizers is that the phosphorus exists in forms that are plant-available. This means that urine  is quite efficient as a phosphorus fertilizer, which has implications for the future with regard to the concept of Peak Phosphorus and the fact that phosphorus is a finite resource.(p1) The quantity of urine produced by an adult mainly depends on the amount of liquid a person drinks and perspires. Children produce approximately half as much urine as adults. Excessive sweating results in concentrated urine, while consumption of large amounts of liquid dilutes the urine. (p3) Urine use in areas where salinization is an issue should be monitored. Urine is a solution of salts, and salt stress can be a major constraint to plant production in arid areas. When urine is used in these areas, irrigation practices should be adapted, the urine should be watered down, and application of urine should regularly be interchanged with applications of water only. (p5) Grunbaum, M. (2010) cited that urine is chock full of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, which are the nutrients plants need to thrive—and the main ingredients in common mineral fertilizers. There is, of course, a steady supply of this man-made plant food: an adult on a typical Western diet urinates about 500 liters a year, enough to fill three standard bathtubs. And despite the gross-out potential, urine is practically sterile when it leaves the body, Heinonen-Tanski pointed out. Unlike feces, which can carry bacteria like salmonella and E. coli, urine poses no health risks—astronauts on the International Space Station even drink the stuff—after it’s purified. Effective fertilization is not the only benefit of recycling urine, Heinonen-Tanski suggested in a review paper in the January 2010 issue of Sustainability. The separating toilets that collect urine use less water than flush toilets, she wrote, and the simplified waste stream requires less energy in sewage treatment. According to Shaw, R. (2010) one reason that urine is an appropriate fertilizer is because the majority of the highly available nutrients in urine exist in a form that plants can use easily. Seventy-five to 90 % of the nitrogen in urine is in the form of urea, which becomes primarily ammonium ions in an aqueous solution of near neutral pH. This ammonium can be biochemically transferred to nitrate (NO3-) in the presence of oxygen (Jonsson et al, 2004: 9). Phosphorus is excreted as phosphate ions (Jonsson et al, 2004: 9). The majority of potassium, sulfur, and most minerals are also present as free ions (Jonsson et al, 2004: 9). These nutrients are directly available to plants in these forms without  processing. As with chemical fertilizers, urine is therefore a dilution of fast-acting plant nutrients that can work quickly to nourish plants (Kvarnstrom et al, 2006: 4). Comparable crop yields have been found when using equivalent amounts of chemical and urine fertilizers on many different crops. (p12) A fast-acting fertilizer like urine fertilizer has several benefits. Assuming the nutrient content can be estimated or measured with reasonable accuracy, the fertilizer can be applied in specific doses to meet known nutrient needs. Fast-acting fertilizers can also be used to rectify some diagnosed nutrient deficiencies, even on specific plants. Nutrients can also be applied at specific times in a plant’s lifespan to optimize nutrient uptake.(p13) As with any fertilizer, urine fertilizer can be applied in excess. Over-fertilization can introduce toxic levels of nutrients into the soil and kill plants. As is often the case with urine fertilizer, the large amount of nitrogen is the main concern. Fortunately, the toxic level of nitrogen is very high. A rule of thumb is that the toxic level of nitrogen is approximately four times the normal fertilization rate (Jonsson et al, 2004:4). This provides a large factor of safety for the use of urine fertilizer. If nitrogen is kept at an acceptable level, it is generally accepted that, except in rare cases, the other nutrients present in urine will stay at an acceptable level as well. (p14) Another concern is the volatility of nitrogen in urine. â€Å"The high pH of the urine in the collection vessel, normally 9-9.3, coupled with its high ammonium concentration, means that there is a risk of losing N in the form of ammonia with the ventilated air† (Jonsson et al, 2004: 11). This volatilization of ammonia occurs rapidly, with increased volatility as temperatures rise, and substantial amounts of valuable nitrogen can be lost to the atmos phere (Glibert et al, 2006: 448). Further, the contact of urine with the atmosphere creates unpleasant odors, as anyone who has smelled urine evaporating on a latrine floorcan attest. Odor does not affect the usefulness of urine fertilizer, but it can dissuade people from use. Urine fertilizer must therefore be collected and applied with as little atmospheric contact as possible, both to conserve nitrogen and to reduce unpleasant odor. (p15) Robinson, D. (2010) said that fresh human urine is sterile and so free from bacteria. In fact it is so sterile that it can be drunk when fresh; it’s only when it is older than 24 hours that the urea turns into ammonia, which is what causes  the ‘wee’ smell. At this stage it will be too strong for use on plants, but poured neat on to the compost heap it makes a fabulous compost accelerator/activator, with the extra benefit of adding more nutrients. Most garden fertilizers for vegetables contain more phosphorus than nitrogen. Phosphorus is valuable for root growth, nitrogen for vegetative growth like leaves and potassium helps the ripening and fruiting process. The great value of urine lies in its universal availability and zero cost. Consequently it has immense potential value and has been used for many generations as a plant food in some countries, notably in the Far East. Because of its high nitrogen content it is particularly useful for feeding leafy vegetables, which enjoy a high nitrogen diet. According to Abington, J.B. (1992) cited that urine as a source of fertilizer has been investigated at Lumle. The effect of 1:1 water: urine mixture top dressing on the marketable yield of leafy vegetable crops was found to be a significant increase of 81.7% over an untreated control, and 23.7% over a top dressing of urea. (p51) III. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Preparation and Collection of Tree Two Indian Tree seeds will be bought. They will be planted using Loam soil. The specimen will be stored in the garden area at MPC. Controlled variable 1 will be watered using urine (see step 2) and controlled variable 2 will be watered using tap water. B. Preparation and Collection of Urine Human urine will be collected from one of the group members. The contributor’s diet will be strictly observed. The urine sample will be measured upon collection. The color will also be observed. Materials -seeds will be bought or we’ll try to find it for free†¦ -2 pots? -human urine by Mark Figueras -mark’s diet -water Methods -plant the seeds, 2 pots (1 controlled *urine, 1 uncontrolled *water) -water 3 times a day having both urine and water equal in amount IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY Richert, Anna., Gensch, Robert., Jà ¶nsson, Hà ¥kan.,Stenstrà ¶m, Thor-Axel., & Dagerskog, Linus. (2010-1). Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production. [Pdf]. Ttockhollm Environment Institute, Sweden Retrieved December 12, 2012 from EcoSanRes Series. http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/ESR2010-1-Pract icalGuidanceOnTheUseOfUrineInCropProduction.pdf Grunbaum, Mara. (July 23, 2010). Gee Whiz: Human Urine Is Shown to Be an Effective Agricultural Fertilizer. [Webpage]. Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=h uman-urine-is-an-effective-fertilizer Shaw, Ryan. (2010). THE USE OF HUMAN URINE AS CROP FERTILIZER IN MALI, WEST AFRICA. [Pdf]. Ryan Shaw, MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Retrieved December 12, 2012 from http://cee.eng.usf.edu/peacecorps/5%20-%20Resource s/Theses/Sanitation/2010Shaw.pdf Abington, J.B. (1992). Sustainable livestock production in the mountain agro-ecosystem of Nepal. Reprint, Rome.

Word Order Activity Essay Example

Word Order Activity Essay Example Word Order Activity Essay Word Order Activity Essay Essay Topic: A Raisin in the Sun Axia College Material Appendix G Word Order Activity 1. Choose one poem from the assigned reading in Week Six, and insert the poem, as well as its title and author, below. Harlem- by Langston Hughes (1902-1967) What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up Like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- Like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags Like a heavy load. Or does it explode? 2. Rearrange the words of the poem in any order you choose. Review your poem to ensure that each word is included. To a dream deferred, what happens? It does dry up and then run Like a raisin in the sun Or like a sore, fester Like rotten meat, it does stink Or crust over and sugar like a syrupy sweet It does explode like a heavy load. Or, maybe it just sags. 3. Explain how changing the word order of the poem affected its meaning. When the words were rearranged they answered questions instead of asking them. 4. Determine whether your poem or the original more effectively uses literary devices and conventions of poetry, and explain your reasoning. I know everyone appreciates the original version by Hughes because it uses untamed emotion to make the reader think about the dreams they have deferred. My new version is kind of funny as a twist to the original, the actual process of deferring dreams

The Matryoshka and Other Symbols of Russia

The Matryoshka and Other Symbols of Russia The Matryoshka, also known as the Russian nesting doll, is one of the most instantly recognizable symbols of Russia. Other common symbols include include the birch tree, the troika, and the Russian samovar. Discover the origins of these symbols, as well as their significance to Russian cultural heritage. The Matryoshka Doll Nalin Nelson Gomes / EyeEm / Getty Images The Russian Matryoshka doll, also called a nesting doll, is perhaps the best-known symbol of Russia around the world. In Russia, the doll is thought to symbolize traditional values of Russian society: respect for the elderly, unity of the extended family, fertility and abundance, and the search for truth and meaning. In fact, the idea that the truth is concealed within many layers of meaning is a recurring motif in Russian folk tales. In one such folk tale, a character named Ivan searches for a needle representing the death of an evil character. The needle is inside an egg, the egg is inside a duck, the duck is inside a hare, the hare is inside a box, and the box is buried under an oak tree. Thus, the Matryoshka, with its many layers concealed within the larger doll, is a perfect symbol for Russian folk culture. As for the first Matryoshka doll, the most popular theory is that the Matryoshka was conceived in 1898, when the artist Malyutin visited the Mamontov family estate in Abramtsevo. At the estate, Malyutin saw a Japanese wooden toy that inspired her to design a series of sketches reflecting the Russian version of the nesting doll. In Malyutins sketches, the largest doll featured a young woman dressed in townspersons attire holding a black rooster. Smaller dolls depicted the rest of the family, both male and female, each with their own object to hold. Malyutin asked a local wood craftsman Zvyozdochkin to create the wooden dolls. The finished set of eight dolls was called Matryona, a popular name at the time that matched the widely accepted image of the strong, calm, and caring Russian woman. The name suited the dolls, but Matryona was considered too solemn a name for a childrens toy, so the name was changed to the more affectionate Matryoshka. The Birch Tree Tricia Shay Photography / Getty Images Birch is the most ancient and well-known symbol of Russia. It is also the most prevalent tree on Russian territory. Birch is associated with the Slavic goddesses Lada and Lelya, representing female energy, fertility, purity and healing. Objects made out of birch have been used in rituals and celebrations in Russia for centuries. During Ivan Kupala night, young women braided their hair ribbons into the branches of the birch tree in order to attract their soul mates. Birch was often kept in the home for protection from jealousy and bad energy, and when a baby was born, birch brooms were left outside the front door of the familys house to protect the baby from dark spirits and illness. Birch has inspired many Russian writers and poets, particularly Sergei Yesenin, one of Russias most beloved lyric poets. The Troika Aleksander Orlowski, Traveler in a Kibitka (Hooded Cart or Sledge), 1819. Lithograph. Public Domain /  The Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia The Russian troika was a harness method for horse-drawn vehicles, used during the 17th-19th centuries. The troika was driven so that the middle horse trotted while the other two horses cantered, keeping their heads turned to the sides. This meant that troika horses took longer to fatigue and could travel much faster. In fact, the troika could reach speeds of 30 miles per hour, making it one of the fastest vehicles of its time. Originally, the troika was used to transport mail, with tired horses being exchanged for fresh ones at regular intervals. The Troika was later used to carry important passengers, at which point it became a cultural icon: featured in weddings and religious celebrations and decorated with bright colors, bells, and gold. Because of its innovative design and impressive speeds, the troika came to be associated with the Russian soul, which is often called bigger than life (Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð ´Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ °, pronounced sheeROkaya dooSHAH). The symbolism of the number three, which has significance throughout traditional Russian culture, also played a role in the troikas popularity. According to some accounts, the troika was adapted by the Russian government from secret rituals of the Russian North. Every year on St. Elijah the Prophets Day, ritual troika races took place in northern parts of Russia, with the troika symbolizing the fiery chariot that carried Elijah to heaven. To crash in one of these races was considered an honorable way to die- it was said that Elijah himself took those who died in the races to heaven. The Samovar Nikolai Petrovich Bogdanov-Belsky, The Teachers Guests.. Heritage Images/Getty Images / Getty Images A samovar is a large, heated container used to boil water, especially for tea. The samovar is an iconic symbol of Russian tea-drinking culture. Traditional Russian families spent hours chatting and relaxing around the table with traditional preserves, Russian pretzels (Ð ºÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã' ), and a hot samovar. When not in use, samovars remained hot and were used as an immediate source of boiled water. The word samovar (pronounced samaVARR) means self-brewer. The samovar contains a vertical pipe filled with solid fuel, which heats the water and keeps it hot for hours at a time. A teapot containing a strong tea brew (Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð ºÃ °) is placed on top and heated by the rising hot air. The first official samovar appeared in Russia in 1778, though there may have been others made even earlier. The Lisitsyn brothers opened a samovar-making factory in Tula in the same year. Soon, samovars spread across Russia, becoming a much-loved attribute of everyday life for Russian families of all backgrounds.

Researching Academic and Examination Stress in Secondary School Essay

Researching Academic and Examination Stress in Secondary School Students - Essay Example Literature Review Across the globe, it has been noted that American students are among the most tested, taking over hundred million standardized tests year in year out (Mayer 2008, p.21). Presently, test score are more significant for secondary students since they have the perception that their future is significantly dependent on performing well on high-stakes standardised tests such as tests for admission in colleges the likes of ACT or SAT, state sponsored proficiency tests and advanced placement exams. Although testing is undeniably an expedient tool for making decisions as regards to stimulating a student from one grade to the other, teacher accountability and college admissions, it over and over again puts tremendous pressure on high school students. According to various research studies, it has been evidenced that examinations (testing) has the potential of producing anxiety among high school students. Moreover, these studies have linked testing with doing a great deal in lowe ring students’ self-esteem as well as increasing their fear of failure (Hardy 2003, p.1). Over the past few years, the number of students enrolling for advanced placement course has been on the increase, with students being subjected to high-stakes tests on completing the course. A great percentage of these students feel pressured by their teachers, parents as well as the learning institutions to such higher level advanced placement courses since they are in possession of their college applications (Rothman 1995, p.15). Additionally, students in some cases tae many advanced placement courses so as to assist them feel better about themselves following their enrolment to... This esaay stresses that American students are among the most tested, taking over hundred million standardized tests year in year out. Presently, test score are more significant for secondary students since they have the perception that their future is significantly dependent on performing well on high-stakes standardised tests such as tests for admission in colleges the likes of ACT or SAT, state sponsored proficiency tests and advanced placement exams. Although testing is undeniably an expedient tool for making decisions as regards to stimulating a student from one grade to the other, teacher accountability and college admissions, it over and over again puts tremendous pressure on high school students. This discussion declares that the phrase high-stakes tests used in earlier paragraphs has to been used in the definition of tests which have consequences to students, schools, teachers and even school systems. For instance, students may be deprived of enrolment in certain courses in the event that their scores miss the mark of meeting established gates. Additionally, these students may end up being retained at a grade level until that time they will meet a certain score. In some cases, they may also be prevented from graduating. High school junior and/or senior students ordinarily have a feeling that they ought to meet demanding college admission test score requirements for them to be accepted in majority of the colleges. As thus, attaching the aforementioned high-stakes scores more often than not intensifies the anxiety associated with standardized tests.

Building Social Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Building Social Business - Essay Example "Social business" develops self-sustaining g and practical perspectives to business units with the capacity of improving the economic growth by combining the profit-making concept of business with the provision of goods and services which satisfy the needs of their target markets. Muhammad Yunus demonstrates how the concept of "Social business" has moved from just a theory to practical application in top corporations, business empires, and entrepreneurs. Professor Yunus illustrates how social business holds the potential to transform the enterprises and achieve free-market enterprise. The book has its strengths. Professor Yunus presents the book in a very easy to read mode. Even though he is a professor, he does not write in the technical language which allows people to read and comprehend the book with ease. Although the concept of social business has been considered by other people before him, he presents the concept very vividly by illustrations examples and demonstrations. He also devotes more pages in narrowing down the definition of the concept of social business by presenting new forms which are different from the definition it had acquired earlier. His new definition takes into consideration economic organization which connects commercial and financial objectives of the business with the ethical, social and environmental objectives. I found much strength in this book, especially where he presents the strategies of how business starting up can develop and progress in prosperity. His style of writing is motivating to read. The information presented in brought to the reader’s direct environment by presenting concrete examples which are directly linked to the reader’s environment. He uses such examples to present his ideas and insights while tactfully tackling the illustration of areas of application of social business in the real business world. He tactfully stresses the need for speed, planning, reevaluation measures and proper recognition of one’s target market.  Ã‚  

Concentration camp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concentration camp - Essay Example The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum report on concentration camps reveals that â€Å"Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany established about 20,000 camps to imprison its many millions of victims† (Nazi). The concentration camps of Nazi Germany were designed in various forms and did not all engage in the same type of activities. The first camp that was created in Nazi Germany was opened two months after Adolf Hitler took power in January 1933. The camp, called Dachau, was considered a triumph for the German people because the people were in need of order in their country (Bergen). This camp was considered a solution to the chaos that had previously existed. In bringing order to Germany, Hitler imprisoned political prisoners, who were communists, social democrats, or anyone who was against Hitler’s authority. Some of the prisoners were brutal convicts from traditional prisons who were given the power over other prisoners in order to make the job of the camp guards an easier task (Bergan). As the first prison, Dachau would be the experiment off of which the rest of the camps would then be tailored to fit the needs that the camp would be built to fulfill. According to Harold Marcuse, in his book, Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp-2001 , â€Å"During the first weeks of the camp’s operation, the prisoners were not humiliated or mistreated, their heads were not shaved, they were not identified by numbers, and they were not forced to work† (22). However, the treatment would change in the months that followed. Marcuse states that by May of 1933, special rules had been put into place, and that â€Å"violence and terror were institutionalized as part of life in the camps† (22). By the end of May, records show that 12 prisoners had been killed or tortured to death (Marcuse 22). Dachau was becoming a template for the horrors that would follow in the various camps that would be built . After 1940, the

Proper Conduct in a Classroom Essay Example for Free

Proper Conduct in a Classroom Essay Being respectful in class is important to the social structure of the educational environment. Without a certain degree of respect it would distract a lot of our valuable attention, and direct it away from our daily learning. This greatly would hinder our learning abilities and minimizes our educational benefits. The dilemma that we face is that a lot of student to not know how to present the proper behavior in class. The good thing is good classroom educate is an easily obtainable skill, but a perishable skill as well before we learn how to demonstrate good classroom behavior; we must first learn the benefits of good behavior. Disrespect in class causes havoc and disorderliness. For instance If one were to speak out of turn not only would it upset the follow class mate because they did not get a fair chance to speak, but it would give the impression that other people can speak out of turn as well. If ever one spoke out of turn there would be no way to accomplish any thing. There will be too many interruptions, and some students will miss the opportunity to express their ideas. Respecting other and proper educate is the only way to keep order in the classroom. So how do we establish order in the learning environment? It is too simple. It is vital to speak when called upon, so students can get a fair chance to express their ideas, and solution. Plus this helps to alleviate distracts and annoyances. Talking out of turn is not the only distraction. Students should not get up, or leave on their own accord as well. However it is acceptable to ask to be excused. It is also important to be mindful of other pupil’s thoughts, ideas, emotions, and feeling. Spite, and animosity just agitates the concept of learning. Students should give each other constructive criticism, and listen to each others thoughts. It is also important to address the instructor by title (Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss., Dr., Prof., Sir, Ma’am.), and address all your comments, concerns, and questions towards the instructor in a polite manner. Respectful behavior in classrooms is easy. However just as easy as it is, it is even easier to forget to utilize this skill. One must make a habit of being respectful. It is a system you must employ on a day-to-day basis. If followed the method and example of classroom educate I have previously displayed will help make a more relaxing, and less stressful learning environment.

Smart Grid Benefits Essay -- reliability, cost savings, energy indepen

A smart grid is an electricity network according to digital technology that is utilized to supply electricity to consumers by using two-way digital communication. This system allows for observing, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to help develop efficiency, decrease the energy consumption and cost, and maximize the translucence and reliability of the energy supply chain. The purpose of smart grid is to motivate consumer contribution in grid operations, also allows the electricity markets to arise and create business and also it can be healing itself and functioned more efficiently. Brief benefits and applications are to save energy, reduce prices and strengthen trustworthiness and reliability. And The Smart Grid will provide consumers information, control, and choices that allow them to involve in new electricity markets. The purpose of the report is to understand the concept of smart grids, and identify the applications, benefits and issues of smart grid This diagram shows that with renewable energy, consumers can create their own energy and right to use a 'greener' energy mix. Flexible distribution allows a more responsive and steady electrical network. Active energy efficiency and energy management create energy visible and permit individuals to perform on their consumption. Electric vehicles are revolutionizing the observation of mobility and, at the same time, access to energy, its use, and storage. Real-time grid management allows expectation of consumption and acclimation of the offer. Issues of existing grid The efficiency issues At managing peak load and energy savings, actually the new smart grid could have wonderful results on world economy. If the grid were just 5% more capabl... ...t must be supported by a smart and safe communications network, power utilities will have the infrastructure, applications and services required to deliver non-stop high quality power securely and efficiently. Smart system is consists of smart grid and smart meter operating mutually. This system is efficient as it is demand responsive, which automatically generates and offers appropriate amount of electricity to consumers. The consumers are able to control their own electrical bills at the end of each month by using the real time access which enables the users to determine the time and duration of appliances operations. And through that all, the smart grid is absolutely and definitely more useful for our life and future. Works Cited http://smartgridtech.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/sg-nature.jpg http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-38030-3_4

Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Essay

Circuit switching, although more reliable than packet-switching because it is able to get your message across without any hiccups, is old and expensive. Circuit switching is based on having a dedicated line or session between two stations and thus, you are able to get the full message across without congestion or interruptions. An example of circuit switching hardware is PBX. In addition, with circuit switching, a path to the destination is already decided upon before the transmission starts and it only terminates once the session is complete and sends its message through. A disadvantage of circuit switching is that you are only able to use the line or transmit one session at a time because of its dedicated circuit. Another disadvantage is its cost. Packet switching is more modern and transmits voice data. Although, as compared to circuit switching, the quality may be lower because of the ability to use lines or sessions at the same time and thus, creating congestion or even data loss. With packet switching there is no circuit dedication like circuit switching. However, unlike circuit switching where the path to the destination is already decided upon before transmission, with packet switching, each packet has to find its own route to the destination. The disadvantage of packet switching is the potential for low quality transmissions and even data loss. In my opinion, these days, packet switching is more commonly used because it is used in LAN technologies or set ups. I would think that circuit switching is used for analog lines and networks, but during these days where most organizations are changing to digital and especially VoIP, packet switching would be more common.

All characters in the novel Essay

All characters in the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ are either lonely, bored or in need of escaping from the soulless existence of the itinerant labour. It is based on a society of men leading empty lives, trapped in a lonely life, consisting mainly of hard physical work. There was not enough happiness, love and affection in their lives. The novel is set in California, the Southern states of America, in the 1930’s around the time of the ‘Great Depression’. The ranch is based in ‘Soledad’; which is the Spanish word for ‘Loneliness’. The bunkhouse that the men sleep and live in is a long and rectangular building. The walls are white washed and the floor unpainted. In three of the four walls are small, square windows. In the fourth one was a solid door with a wooden latch. There are eight bunks, all with a nailed apple box over them with the opening forward. This made two small shelves for the personal belongings of each ranch hand occupying the certain bunk. On these shelves were little articles, soap, razors, talcum powder, Western magazines, medicines, little vials, combs and a few neckties. There was also a black cast iron stove, and a big square table in the centre of the room, with scattered playing cards across it, and surrounding the table were boxes for the men to sit on. The bunkhouse also had lice and roaches in it! Carlson and the other ranch hands all dream of owning their own land and living and working from this, resulting in wealth and happiness. This was known as the ‘American Dream’, this is shown as an opportunity to all people no matter how rich or poor they are. There is a lot of government propaganda, informing people that if they work hard and push their ambitions to the limit, they can make this dream reality. However they all knew, no matter how hard they worked or how successful they were, it was very unlikely of this dream ever becoming reality. Their way of escaping this disappointment was to collect their fifty bucks at the end of the month and of a weekend spend all of it on women and alcohol, usually at the nearest ‘cat-house’. During the week they play cards games or horseshoes. Crooks is very lonely, this is due to the fact that he is coloured and everyone knows him as a nigger! He is treated completely differently to all the others, an outsider. He is also crippled, after a horse kicked him and severely damaged his back. In the 1930’s it was very racist in America and the coloured people weren’t allowed to speak up or were too scared to defend themselves in fear of what the white people would do to them. This is the situation Crooks is in. However he is the only coloured person at the ranch, so he has to accept all racial comments on his own. He has his own separate room, which isn’t even a room it is a shed that leans off the side of the barn wall. He is isolated from everyone else, therefore unable to socialise. On one occasion Lennie entered the barn to see his pup. He saw Crooks’ light shining and stood in the doorway of Crooks’ room. Crooks saw him and said sharply ‘†you got no right to come in my room. This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here, but me. † He then followed with â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunkhouse and you ain’t wanted in my room†, â€Å"they play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you all of you stink to me. † Crooks reads to amuse himself when he has nothing better to do. This keeps his mind off of the atmosphere and situation he is surrounded by in his everyday life. Curley’s wife is perhaps one of the loneliest characters, trapped in her strict and original woman’s/wife’s role. Her daily routine only ever consists of her doing housework, such as cooking Curley’s dinner, washing Curley’s clothes, making Curley’s bed, cleaning Curley’s house, etc. If Curley catches her talking to the ranch hands he is always very annoyed by it, she is to stay in the house. She is known as ‘Curley’s wife’, no one knows her name so they cannot call her by it. One time when she enters the bunkhouse and begins to talk to the ranch hands, Crooks suggests † Maybe you better go along to your own house now. We don’t want no trouble. † It is this idea that she is ‘trouble’ that makes Curley’s wife so upset and angry. † Well, I ain’t giving you no trouble. Think I don’t like to talk to somebody ever’ once in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time? † Having a husband even makes her loneliness worse, because Curley is so strict about whom she socialises with and what she does. She calls him sarcastically a â€Å"Swell guy†, who † Spends all his time sayin’ what he’s gonna do to guy’s he don’t like, and he don’t like nobody. † Curley’s wife tries to escape her loneliness and sadness by dreaming of being an actress or a model. She had been offered the chance before â€Å"I tell you I could of went with shows† † An’ a guy tol’ me he could put me in pitchers†. Curley’s wife is also very good at flirting, this attracts male attention. Therefore just for a moment she is listened to and is the centre of attention, this moment matters so much to her because she is being paid attention to for once, that she makes a very bad habit of it. However the ranch hands have got used to her scheming ways and do not want to risk getting â€Å"canned† because of a â€Å"tart†. However Lennie and George are different to the other ranch hands, they may live a lonely existence, but they have each other. Other than the other ranch hands expressing their feelings about their hopes, dreams, lonely lives etc, George and Lennie are the only characters we really get to know. All other ranch hands haven’t got a family or anything to look forward to, but it is different with George and Lennie; they believe they have a future and as long as they have got each other, it doesn’t matter whether they have a family or not. These men love each other. They talk to each other and know that the other cares for them, because George looks after Lennie, and Lennie looks after George. However, George has a much greater job in looking after Lennie, than Lennie has in looking after George. Lennie is a bit of a dunce and is always forgetting things, but George has the brains. They both are physically well built, but Lennie does not realise his own strength sometimes, he is dangerously strong. Lennie is the physical side of the pair, whereas George is the mental. The fact that they have each other gives them more of a chance of success, than the other ranch hands. Lennie loves George to tell him what; one-day things will be like. Their dream is to one day buy a little house, with a ten acres, a â€Å"win’mill†, a kitchen, an orchard to grow â€Å"cherries, apples, peaches, ‘cots, nuts, and a few berries†, a section on the land to grow alfalfa that Lennie will use to feed the rabbits with, hutches and pens full with pigs, chickens, cows, goats, cats, pigeons, a dog and rabbits that Lennie could pet, a smoke house so they could kill the pigs and then smoke it, for smoked ham and bacon etc, and for them to literally â€Å"live off the fatta the lan'†. They would only work six or seven hours a day. Lennie likes to pet, smooth, soft, furry things, as a kind of comfort. Other than for George and animals, love and affection are withheld, not only from Lennie, but also for all the ranch hands. This is why they have their own individual comfort or way of escaping from the repetitive daily routine and loneliness. Candy is a dissimilar character from the other ranch hands. He is very lonely and sad. He has no hand, but a very old dog that he cares for very much. This dog is similar to Candy. They are both very old and when Carlson shoots the dog, because it smells, has no teeth, he cannot eat, is stiff with rheumatism, is nearly blind and Carlson thinks it will be better to put the dog out of his ageing misery. Candy wants people to treat him once he is canned like this. This is because he â€Å"won’t have no place to go, an’ he can’t get no more jobs†. The other ranch hands say that he can replace the dog with one of Lulu’s pups, but of course that wouldn’t be the same, never is anyone or anything the equivalent, everyone and everything is unique. Candy seems to think that when he is dead, people will say the same thing about him. When a new ranch hand comes and replaces him, he’ll be forgotten. For obvious reasons Candy is upset and hurt by this. It is as if the characteristics of his dog and the way the other men treat the dog, symbolises Candy. Candy wants to join George and Lennie in their ‘dream’. Candy has already got three hundred bucks and another fifty coming at the end of the month, when the men get paid. He explains that he â€Å"ain’t much good, but I could cook, tend the chickens, and hoe the garden some†. Then when George and Lennie get their fifty bucks each at the end of the month, they will have four hundred and fifty bucks, and although the woman wants six hundred bucks, George thinks she will accept their offer as a deposit and then George will get a job and start to collect the rest, while Candy and Lennie could work on the land as well as sell eggs etc, making more money. This is Candy’s route of escaping. Everything seems to be falling into place and their dream looks like it could become reality. This is everything a man wants and Candy is thrilled he is part of it. However much their dream looks real, it all ends when Curley’s wife tries her old tricks with Lennie. Curley’s wife enters the barn, as Lennie sits there mourning over his pup, he has just accidentally killed! George has already warned Lennie about Curley’s wife, says she is trouble, so Lennie refuses to talk to her, â€Å"George says I ain’t to have nothing to do with you- talk to you or nothing†. Curley’s wife says in a innocent voice, â€Å"All the guys got a horse-shoe tenement goin’ on†, so â€Å"Why can’t you talk to me? † She eventually persuades Lennie that it is safe to talk to her. They talk for ages and Lennie tells her how he â€Å"likes to pet nice things with my fingers, sof’ things†. She tells Lennie to â€Å"feel right here†, on her hair. Lennie was enjoying stroking her hair until she warned him not to â€Å"muss it up†. She then got angry because Lennie wasn’t listening to her. She went to pull away and Lennie clasped his fingers tightly in her hair and wouldn’t let go. She began to shout, â€Å"you let go†. Lennie began to get scared because he thought George would hear and go mad. He covered her mouth and nose to prevent her screaming, and continued to beg her to be quiet. She continued to struggle and he shook her. Suddenly â€Å"her body flopped like a fish†. She was dead! Lennie ran to the brush that George had told him to hide in when they first arrived in Soledad if he ever got into trouble. When Candy found Curley’s wife dead and told all the ranch hands, they all knew it was Lennie! Most of the men wanted to kill Lennie, but George got there first. George knew that Lennie would be scared if half a dozen men ran towards him shooting, but if George was to do it at the back of his head, just like Candy’s old dog it would be pain free. When George found him, Lennie asked for the story of their dream to be told to him and questioned George why he wasn’t mad at him, but obviously if this was George’s last moments with Lennie he didn’t want to be mad at him. As George told the story and paused every so often, Lennie would say â€Å"go on† or â€Å"Gonna do it soon† as if he knew what George was about to do and was encouraging George to get it over and done with. George finally shot Lennie. Lennie jarred forward and the settled peacefully as he lay on the sand. George just sat stiffly and silently n the bank, looking at his hand that had just pulled the trigger disgustedly. George knew it was for the best, where ever they were to go Lennie’s unrecognised strength would lead to trouble; it had already, both in Weed and Soledad. Lennie was trapped by his strength. Although, Lennie has now been released from pain by no longer being able to kill others and from not getting shot by half a dozen men cruelly, but peacefully by George. The upsetting thing is, that Lennie was so afraid of being alone and away from George, and now he was just that. It was all over!!! George is now free; he is no longer trapped by his want of freedom, of constantly looking after Lennie. I think the novel tries to give us the message that people try to lead their lives as successfully as possible, in order to result in the best possible outcome. However this is very hard to succeed. The ranch hands wanted the ‘American Dream’ to become reality, but is very unlikely and as shown does not happen. The novel gave a very positive view of the ‘American dream’, but this is erroneous and does not come true. The chances of finding true, lasting friendship and happiness are also very unlikely as it is always spoilt by misfortune, arguments, inconveniences and sometimes death, as in this case.