Mulvey's Analysis of Visual Structure Extended to Consider Racial Essay

Mulvey's Analysis of Visual Structure Extended to Consider Racial Difference - Essay Example Her work was motivated by hypotheses introduced by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan (Mulvey 836). She fused their hypotheses as â€Å"political weapons† (Mulvey 833) into her own work. In view of these ideas, she fought that traditional Hollywood film place the watcher in a manly subject circumstance; and ladies are delineated as unimportant objects of esteem. Customary Hollywood film encouraged onlookers to identify with the saint, clearly a man. She states (Mulvey 837): â€Å"In their customary free wheeler job ladies are at the same time took a gander at and showed, with their appearance coded for solid visual and sexual effect so they can be said to indicate to-be-took a gander at-ness. Lady showed as sexual item is the leit-theme of suggestive display: from pin-ups to striptease, from Ziegfeld to Busby Berkeley, she holds the look, plays to and implies male want. Standard film flawlessly joined exhibition and narrative.† On the other hand, Mulvey states that ladies were â€Å"to-be-took a gander at-ness† (Mulvey 837). She imagined two essential jobs in which guys interpreted female characters during this time. These were â€Å"voyeuristic† and â€Å"fetishist†. ... Moreover, that she had not borne at the top of the priority list that the effect of a women's activist job may be diverse on cross-sexual or hetero observers. In addition, she neglected to represent media crowd explores identified with fans and their interface with famous people. Mulvey wrote in reply that the reason for her composing was to incite however and present novel thoughts rather than a consistent scholastic work. In any case, her perspectives were somewhat changed on certain issues as shown in her resulting article â€Å"Afterthoughts on Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema†. For the most part, the depiction of blacks in Hollywood film and their all out nonattendance in films prompts judgment by onlookers. Regularly, dark onlookers abstain from distinguishing themselves with delineated characters and even contradict the persuading components regarding films. Most articles, for example, Mulvey’s ‘Imaginary Signifier by Christian Metz’, ‘Diff erence’ by Stephen Heath and such spun around issues of gendered viewership. Manohla Dargis and A.O. Scott have introduced an eye catching investigation of the embodiment of blacks in Hollywood in their article named â€Å"How the Movies Made a President† (Dargis and Scott). They show the improvement of characters doled out to blacks during the earlier decades â€Å"from the ghetto to the meeting room, from supporting jobs in kitchens, attires, and social-issue films to the thin culmination of the Hollywood A-list†. This draws consideration towards the critical likeness between how blacks are designated cliché and consigned jobs and how ladies experienced comparable injurious treatment. In spite of the fact that, the generalizing in characters is distinctive for the two gatherings; yet basically it speaks to the

PAPER WRITING SERVICE

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A Beginners Guide To Retargeting Ads

A Beginners Guide To Retargeting Ads Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!A Beginners Guide To Retargeting AdsUpdated On 13/09/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : https://hbb.me/2wYWCx2 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOn the web, just as in real life, people showcase certain behavioral patterns that can be closely observed and studied. Being aware of these patterns, one might delve into the world of behavioral retargeting, a practice that can be summed up as the re-delivering of information (in form of a display ad) to the previous visitors of your website, about an item or product category they have already shown interest about. Generally, it is achieved by putting a piece of code known as a ‘pixel’ on your web page; thus, when someone views the site, the pixel will leave a ‘cookie’ in the user’s browser, which will allow your ads to follow them across the internet. While ‘pixels’ and ‘cookies’ may appea r to be confusing terms to a non-expert, the practice of ad retargeting itself is quite easy to follow and not very time-consuming. Moreover, there are plenty of agencies, such as Best PPC Marketing, that can offer valuable assistance in polishing, building up, or expanding one’s ad campaign.Why retargetIt is not uncommon that an internet user might visit your web page, browse the offers for a considerable time, yet not go through with the conversion. In a number of cases it is not just looking, but already choosing the items they favor by adding them to the cart, which still can be abandoned for one reason or another. Some businesses provide an option for registered users to save products to wish lists, however, just as the carts, these too can be neglected and forgotten about. This is where remarketing steps in, responding to these recurring phenomena among online shoppers and serving as a friendly reminder to go through with the purchase.Getting startedEverything begins with a predefined plan and a set of clear targets. When it comes to the tracking code, it is advisable to implement a flexible one that would allow you to set up certain criteria for the formation of retargeting lists concerning user behavior. For example, with Google Analytics code it is possible to target site visitors from specific geographical regions, as well as those who have spent, say, more than a minute on your page. Additionally, one can make specific retargeting lists for separate products or product types, which is a manner of audience segmentation. Establishing whom you want your ads to reach is a vital point in any form of advertising. Time also factors into this consider for how long you want a list membership to last, and the ads to follow someone. ‘The longer the better’ is not always the best mindset, for your brand may risk becoming an annoyance to the user. As stated above, the idea is to present a simple reminder, not to aggressively push it.Another area that shou ld be covered is your site’s privacy policy. This is not a must, but usually is suggested as one of the best practices, for it ensures transparency by letting the visitors know about the page’s use of cookies, as well as it gives them the chance to opt-out. Respect your customer, and they will respect you, a simple yet true notion.Catching the eyeAs for the ads themselves, it seems only logical that the product should be recognizable to the potential client, and spark a memory in their minds of them having viewed it before. Thus, the same images should be used; a good illustration of this practice would be the carousel ads on Facebook, that allow the advertiser to showcase various items a user has viewed or items they would be interested in based on the pages browsed in the past.READAvoid Basic Blogging Mistakes [Myths Legends]Moreover, the ad should contain a persuasive call to action, something that is not often seen on the actual landing pages the ad stands out and speaks o ut a lot more about a previously considered product or service. Another small but valuable tip if there is an additional goal of increasing brand awareness include your brand name or the logo in the retargeting ad. This will engender broader recognition and more frequent associations in users’ minds of your business with a certain product.Smart optimizationAmong all other PPC advertising methods, retargeting ad campaigns are on the rise in popularity, which is understandable, considering that they result in more conversions than standard ads. After all, while standard PPC piques curiosity about the eye-catching ad which increases traffic and thus popularizes your brand, the clicks on retargeted ads more often mean genuine consideration of purchasing the product or service, which can be an extreme advantage to already established businesses with loyal customers, as well as to newbies with not so large of a competition. So, how to get the most of these advantages? By constant and g oal-oriented optimization.First of all, the segmentation practices should be carefully organized and worked out. It is possible to establish custom segments, taking into account the aforementioned duration of the session on the landing page, user’s location, or even such factors as the number of consecutive site visits, started yet uncompleted forms, or any other level of depth one has reached into the marketing funnel.Moreover, one should consider the appearance of the ads. When retargeting a specific product, it is indeed best to keep the image as it is; however, with the more general banner ads, it would be more refreshing for the audience to see some change and variation now and then.New for the oldFinally, it goes without saying that retargeting ads are not usually aimed just at new potential customers, but also at the old ones, who have already gone through with a conversion or two. As long as the advertiser keeps the ads relevant, the client may be prompted to return, again and again, becoming a loyal customer. Therefore, one is encouraged to pay attention to this segment, making sure the user is not getting advertisements of the same products they have already purchased. Rather, they should be novel, yet still relevant to their interests. For example, if an individual buys a basketball, they might in the future also be drawn to and respond to ads of sports shoes, clothing, or duffel bags for carrying basketballs. Same goes not just for the products, but also for new deals, offers, and discounts.In general, the main point for an advertiser is to master the art of segmentation. The retargeting ads need to be relevant to the users for them to succeed.

The Los Angeles Police Department - 1398 Words

The Los Angeles Police Department Police: Breakdowns that allowed corruption are still uncorrected, study finds. The chief concedes that mediocrity became a way of life at all levels of the department. The Los Angeles Police Department failed time and again to take steps that might have headed off the worst corruption scandal in its history, according to a sweeping self-indictment prepared by the departments own leaders. In a letter accompanying the long-awaited Board of Inquiry report into the corruption centered in the departments Rampart Division, Police Chief Bernard C. Parks called the scandal a life-altering experience for the Los Angeles Police Department in which corrupt officers took advantage of lax supervision to†¦show more content†¦. .. Regardless of the source, complainants all seemed to be viewed as recalcitrant, and their allegations were not taken seriously. * People are making personnel and promotional decisions unaware of matters that certainly would affect their decisions. * Our personnel evaluations have little or no credibility at any level in the organization. * The command team at Rampart during most of this five-year period lacked cohesive direction. * As painful as it may be, we must recognize that this problem [failure to perform adequate background investigations on new hires] has not been solved, but it must be if we are to provide the people of this city with the quality of law enforcement it deserves. Some of those issues, as well as others identified in the report, are hardly new. Police critics have been complaining for more than a decade that the LAPD ignores civilian complaints about officer misconduct. Under Parks, the department recently revamped its procedures for evaluating citizen complaints, but the report makes it clear that the departments unwillingness to take officer misconduct seriously continued well into the 1990s, long after the Christopher Commission, the American Civil Liberties Union and others had pointed to the problem. In 1998, the LAPDs leadership announced that it had fulfilled nearly allShow MoreRelatedThe Los Angeles Police Department1459 Words   |  6 PagesAs the third largest non-federal law enforcement agency in the United States, the Los Angeles Police Department is often the subject of close public scrutiny. This is especially true in cases of misconduct, for which the police department, like its Chicago and New York counterparts, is notorious. With the center of the film and entertainment industry based in Los Angeles and Hollywood, the LAPD features in many popular films. Film reflects the ideas of filmmakers and is a testament to how peopleRead MorePolice Report On The Los Angeles Police Department1584 Words   |  7 PagesPolicing Research Paper On March 2, 1991, a brutal beating of a 26 year old man by the Los Angeles Police department, set tensions high between the black community and the police department, not only in Los Angeles but all across the country. This is not only considered an extremely controversial incident, but also a contradicting case. Is it a coincidence, or has the justice system failed to charge and imprison police officers who use excessive force on black members of society? By analyzing the incidentsRead MoreThe Los Angeles Police Department1617 Words   |  7 Pages In the year 1910, the Los Angeles Police Department named the first â€Å"policewoman† in the country; her name was Alice Wells (Flanagan, 1984, p. 7). Less than 100 years later, in the years 2007 and 2008, there was a combined total of nearly 100,000 females that were sworn in as officers in federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies (Langton, 2010). Over the timespan from 1987 to 2007, there was a great increase in how many women police officers were being sworn in across all three federalRead MoreA Report On The Los Angeles Police Department1772 Words   |  8 Pagesthought we could change the world, we are the protector of the peace. We define the odds and criticisms..† This is what a police officer saying during a YouTube video talking about the Los Angeles Police Department. The LAPD has encouraged me to become a better person, also helping others who are in need of help. It takes a lot of motivation, commitment, and education to become a police officer because you have to be prepared of what situation is going to come towards you. To apply for this career jobRead MoreA Interview On The Los Angeles Police Department1815 Words   |  8 Pageswe could change the world, we are the protector of the peace. We define the odds and criticisms..† This is what a police officer had said during a YouTube video talking about the Los Angeles Police Department. The LAPD has encouraged me to become a better person, also helping others who are in need of help. It takes a lot of motivation, commitment, and education to become a police officer because you have to be prepared of what the situation is going to come towards you. To apply for this careerRead MoreLack Of Discipline Against The Los Angeles Police Department1624 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscipline against the Los Angeles police officers who engage in misconduct and the use of force. Top officials are not being held accountable for the lack of oversight in order to protect the interest of the department. The second pattern that is discussed is that police claims makers give the public a false sense of accountability. Instead of accepting accountability, police claim makers give the media unclear answers on what officials are attempting to improve in their department so such incidentsRead MoreEssay on Police Corruption: Crooked Cops1499 Words   |  6 Pagessubjugation and indignation.† – Atifete Jahjaga --   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They are the everyday heroes that many people often take for granted until a pivotal moment of tragedy or madness enters into their lives. While we sleep in our warm beds at night police officers work around the clock during all times of the night to ensure the safety and security of our communities and its citizens both young and old (Aveni, Thomas J.).   However, what happens when our everyday heroes are found to be just a guiltyRead MoreThe Rampart Scadal and CRASH1194 Words   |  5 PagesIn the late 1990s a new corruption started in the Community Resources against Street Hoodlums or also known as CRASH anti-gang unit within the Rampart Division of the Los Angeles police department. Many officers were proven and convicted of committing unlawful beatings and shootings against gangs. Officers were also convicted for offenses such as, implanting false evidence, theft, bank robbery, distributing illegal drugs, and perjury. The Rampart s candal caused the public to be very concern towardsRead MoreThe Los Angeles Police Commission1572 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Agency: The Los Angeles Police Commission, also known as the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners was originally created in the 1920s. The Board serves as the public’s voice and has their best interest in mind when creating and setting policies. The creation of the Office of the Inspector General was recommended by the Christopher Commission in 1991. It was created in 1995 by the Los Angeles City Charter as an independent unit from the Los Angeles Police Department. The 1998 Rampart scandalRead MoreCivil Rights And Social Integration Of African Americans1409 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice in this world, violence and death usually occur due to conflicting ideals. In Southern Los Angeles, even after African-Americans were issued their â€Å"Civil Rights,† underlying racism constructed barriers such as â€Å"racial restrictive covenants† that ensured that blacks were still not welcome there. The two biggest social disturbances that have taken place in the West have tak en place in Los Angeles—where unemployment, overcrowding, poverty, and segregation have become increasingly prevalent.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle And Poe The Form Of Detective...

Poe earned respect during his lifetime as a gifted author and poet, but it was not until after his death that his ingenuity truly made itself known in the form of long-lasting legacies. Effect on Detective Stories. As previously mentioned, Poe essentially singlehandedly created the detective story with his 1841 piece â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue,† establishing unspoken rules and tropes still currently associated with the genre (Montague 167). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the legendary 1892 collection of short stories The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, once said: â€Å"Where was the detective story before Poe breathed the breath of life into it?† (Montague 167). Doyle and Poe’s stories share an assortment of parallels: Holmes and Dupin†¦show more content†¦Another science fiction pioneer, Jules Verne, also admired Poe – in â€Å"Five Weeks in a Balloon,† an explorer travels across Africa in a hot air balloon, a story influenced by â€Å"The Balloon Hoax,† where Poe wrote a plausible account of a balloon trip across the Atlantic Ocean (Montague 169). One of Verne’s most distinguished novels, â€Å" Around the World in Eighty Days,† in which the main character lies, cheats, and generally goes to great lengths to prove in a bet that he can travel the world in eighty days, was based upon the same general concept as Poe’s â€Å"Three Sundays in a Week,† in which a couple uses the International Date Line after being challenged to experience three Sundays in the same week (Montague 169). Just as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is an authoritative source in the world of detective stories, Wells and Verne’s admiration of Poe as a writer not only aided in carrying on Poe’s legacy, but they also hold inherent weight as judges of his work. Though Poe’s influence on science fiction is less direct than his influence on the detective story, his impact is still significant. Effect on Horror Stories. Although he has made many contributions to modern literature, the genre that Poe is arguably the most known for influencing is horror. Unfortunately, after Poe’s death in 1849, his reputation was butchered by Rufus Griswold, an editor who criticized Poe as â€Å"cynical,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesIt took many tries for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to get the story right. In fact, Sherlock Holmes wasn t even in the first draft! In a later draft with Sherlock Holmes first appearance, John Reeves, an experienced policeman was the main character while Sherlock Holmes came in as a man by the name of Sheringford Holmes, where he makes a brief cameo in the beginning (Cawthorne 14). John Reeves also had a roommate named â€Å"Ormond Sacker† who would later become John Watson (Cawthorne 14)! How did thisRead More Detective Fiction Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay1802 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"for a boo k to be described as detective fiction there must be a central mystery and one that by the end of the book is solved satisfactorily and logically, not by good luck or intuition, but by intelligent deduction from clues honestly if deceptively presented.† (James. 2009: 16). This is traditionally conducted via a detective; a figure deployed within the narrative structure ‘whose occupation is to investigate crimes’ (Oxford. 2006: 202). Therefore detective fiction represents an enigma, aRead MoreMurder Of The American Detective1694 Words   |  7 PagesPoe’s more famous literary works. Arguably. Poe may be called the father of the American detective story with his trilogy involving Det. Dupin in Murders in the Rue Morgue, the Purloined Letter, and the Mystery of Marie Roget. Poe uses the peculiar eccentricities of hero Detective C. Augustus Dupin to make these mysteries enthralling to the reader. Dupin is purported to be the forerunner to Sir Arthur Conan D oyle’s genius detective Sherlock Holmes. Poe created a new genre that captivated the imaginationRead MoreAssessing the Significance of the Cityscape to the Narrative of Detection: The Sign of Four, and Farewell, My Lovely2477 Words   |  10 PagesThe Sign of Four is a detective novel written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, which was published in 1890. It is Conan Doyle’s second novel to feature detective Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes is a master detective, known for his deduction skills, disguises and most importantly, his use of the city as means of solving mysteries. The cityscape plays a significant role in the narrative of The Sign of Four. Conan Doyle uses real places found in London in The Sign of Four. It gives the novel a degreeRead MoreSherlock Holmes: A Marxist Deconstruction Essay example2110 Words   |  9 Pagesaverage mind, the layer of intrigue that glosses over such puzzles makes for a heady combination of the literary and the popular. In the canon of detective fiction worldwide, no detective has tickled the curious reader’s imagination and held it in thrall as much as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes. The 221-B, Baker Street, London ‘amateur’ detective combines a rare blend of intellectual prowess and sharp wit to crack a series of baffling riddles. The aim of this somewhat ambitiouslyRead MoreConan Doyle : A Middle Child1709 Words   |  7 PagesConan Doyle was a middle child; the middle child’s characteristics are described as a mixture of the first and second born. Conan Doyle can fit into this definition perfectly. As a young adult, he was intent on taking care of his family, namely his mother and siblings. He housed them and supported them financially, even before he was rich. He spent a great majority of his life chasing achievement; at first it was the achievements others (family, teachers, influential people in his life) wanted forRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Edgar Allan PoeS Life And Writings.1968 Words   |  8 PagesEdgar Allan Poe s Life and Writings Edgar Allan Poe is known for his dark tales of horror, twisted poems, and as the originator of detective fiction. While the opinions of his works are many and various, the impact and influence of his writings cannot be denied. In fact, one writer Poe inspired was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Doyle has said that he feels Poe s stories were a model for all time (Hertzfeld 2012). Doyle was inspired by Poe s three detectiveRead MoreThe Golden Age of Detective Fiction1045 Words   |  4 Pages   Golden Age of detective fiction involved the genre apex that embodied different relevant elements that made a form appealing. It involves the collection of the created atmosphere in novels, the complex solved puzzle. The puzzle was solved by sheer with or with no modern forensic science help and the nostalgia that provoked the people to continue reading the novel. Even as authors like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Edgar Allan Poe gave birth to the modern story of detection, the Golden age authorsRead MoreA Research on the Work of Edgar Allan Poe1750 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809. He is considered a part of the American Romanticism period. He is best known for his works of mystery and psychological terror. Poe is recognized for his gothic tales of mystery, death, terror, puzzles, and psychological problems (poets.org). He has influenced many writers including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the author of the Sherlock Holmes series. Poe was different than other authors in that he was influenced by hisRead MoreEssay Biography of Edgar Allan Poe3244 Words   |  13 PagesBiography of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is a man who is considered to be a true American genius of our time, and by many, the personification of death. His works have been collected and celebrated for over a hundred years from this day. He was a man who’s dreary horror tales captured and frightened the minds of millions. Poe differed from most other acclaimed writers though. The readers of his work do not admire him because they fall in love with his characters or because his writing touches

Natural Selection and Patterns of Evolution Worksheet Essay

Associate Level Material Appendix F Natural Selection and Patterns of Evolution Worksheet Complete the worksheet writing 100- to 200-word short answers for each question. Format your references consistent with APA guidelines. 1. What is the direct evidence in support of the theory of natural selection? Include at least four examples. Paleontology shows us that organisms have changed gradually over time, as reflected in the fossil record. Biogeography shows us how new species only arise near very similar species. Similar species share a common time and place. Developmental biology shows us that an organism builds on ancestral features as it develops from a single cell. Genetics shows us that we can group species by similarity of†¦show more content†¦What implications might this example have for future humans? Convergent evolution: Two different species adapt similarly when they share similar niches. Australia has several examples. Tasmanian tigers are very similar to wolves or dogs. The marsupial lion had many features similar to cats they even had a saber toothed version of a marsupial similar to saber toothed cats. Divergent evolution: When species separate into dissimilar niches, they evolve qu ite differently. The formation of limbs in early amphibians compared to their fish ancestors is an example. Adaptive radiation: When a species spreads in to different niches it forms multiple species. A classic example is the Darwins finch. The common ancestor split into several species as it occupied the various niches. Coevolution is where two species evolved together. Many species of plants produce flowers that only bats can fertilize. The bats evolved to take advantage of the flowers and the flowers rewarded the bats with nectar and flowering at night. Coevolution of humans and cows: The cows allowed us to exploit land that wasnt suitable to crops. They greatly increase our food supply. Perhaps in the future we will use them in many different ways. The way they convert cellulose to sugar in the guts with microbes could lead to the easy conversion of grass into alcohol to power our cars (Cook, H., Bestman, H. D. (2000). 4. How does a new species evolve from a pre-existing species? Include a briefShow MoreRelatedBig Data Analysis Using Soft Computing Techniques3016 Words   |  13 Pagesclustering approach and Differential Evolution algorithm. Index Terms—Big Data, K-means algorithm, DE (Differential Evolution), Data clustering Introduction Day by day amount of data generation is increasing in drastic manner. Where in to describe the data, for zetta byte, popular term used is â€Å"Big data†. The marvelous volume and mixture of real world data surrounded in massive databases clearly overcome old-fashioned manual method of data analysis, such as worksheets and ad-hoc inquiries. A new generationRead MoreNfpa 100630569 Words   |  123 Pagesutilize breaking and cutting tools to create safe openings in masonry, concrete, and wood structures. 3.3.20 Buoyancy Control Device. Jacket or vest that contains an inflatable bladder for the purposes of controlling buoyancy. 3.3.21 Cave. A natural underground void formed by geologic process. 3.3.22 Cave-In. The separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation or trench, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system, and its sudden movement intoRead MoreNfpa 100630576 Words   |  123 Pagesthat utilize breaking and cutting tools to create safe openings in masonry, concrete, and wood structures. 3.3.20 Buoyancy Control Device. Jacket or vest that contains an inflatable bladder for the purposes of controlling buoyancy. 3.3.21 Cave. A natural underground void formed by geologic process. 3.3.22 Cave-In. The separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation or trench, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system, and its sudden movement intoRead MoreReading Comprehension Case Study14945 Words   |  60 PagesPerfect† called â€Å"You’re Gonna Miss Me.† In addition to horseback riding and the movies, Lucy described her perfect Saturday as watching TV, preferably Animal Planet, and chewing bubble gum all day. Answering questions about her favorite things came natural to Lucy, but she did have trouble coming up with an actor/actress. Just as excited Lucy was to talk about her interests outside of school, she was just ask excited to talk about school, how she has â€Å"never missed one day,† and â€Å"always gets good gradesRead MoreOperations Management23559 Words   |  95 Pagesprocess improvement 1 -4 Chapter 1 Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management Operations Management Roberta Russell Bernard W. Taylor, III Lecture Outline What Operations and Supply Chain Managers Do Operations Function Evolution of Operations and Supply Chain Management Globalization and Competitiveness Operations Strategy and Organization of the Text Learning Objectives for This Course 1 -6 What Operations and Supply Chain Managers Do What is Operations ManagementRead MoreInformation Security15951 Words   |  64 Pagesbibliography of multiple research manuscripts (Webster Watson, 2002). A meaningful literature review is much more. Hart (1998) defined the literature review as â€Å"the use of ideas in the literature to justify the particular approach to the topic, the selection of methods, and demonstration that this research contributes something new† (p. 1). He also noted that for the literature review, â€Å"quality means appropriate breadth and depth, rigor and consistency, clarity and brevity, and effective analysis andRead MoreOrganization Restructuring26680 Words   |  107 PagesPrinciples and practices of tqm. Wisconsin: ASQC. Clark, S., (2000). Decades later, TQM is still key to success. Memphis Business Journal, 21,19-20. Creech, B., (1994). The five pillars of tqm. NewYork: Dutton. Dahlgaard, S., (1999). The evolution patterns of quality management: some reflections on the quality movement. Total Quality Management, 12, 473-485. Deming, W. E., (1986). Out of Crisis. Cambridge, MA: MIT press. Hackman, J. R. and Wageman, R. (1995). Total quality management.Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesLEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PART 4 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE Establishing the PerformanceRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesbaseline schedule (1.3.5) [8.1.3] 6.5.2.3 Critical chain method Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Reducing Project Duration Leadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams ChapterRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . .6 . .6 . .8 . .8 . 10 . 12 . 13 . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . 17 2—The Evolution of Management Thought . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Management in Ancient History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Effects of the Industrial Age on Management . . . . . 22 Classical Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity free essay sample

He references to Athens and Jerusalem to help the reader to grasp the theme of the book. Athens represents knowledge through human reason and Jerusalem represents faith. The idea of secular thinking and Christian thinking by Harry Blamers are also examined (Entwistle, 2010). The text defines secular thinking as restricted limits within earth; however Christian thinking is an eternal perspective. Entwistle states that â€Å"all truth is God’s truth† and no matter how the truth is discovered the author is God (Entwistle, 2010, pp13). Entwistle noted that it is important to understand the history of Christianity and science. Galileo made great scientific discoveries, however he was heavily criticized for his findings. The Roman Catholic Church had a hard time understanding scientific method. Overall the Roman Catholic Church deserted the fact Christianity had a part in the development of scientific understanding. Our worldview or life perspective affects how we understand and relate to our experiences and the world (Entwistle, pp56). The experience that a person has impacts their life and the way that perceive truth. Entwistle also discusses questions that where posed by Walsh and Middleton these include, what does mean to be human? What is the nature of the world? , What’s wrong with world, why do things go wrong? and how what can is wrong with my life, be fixed? These questions answer life’s most fundamental questions. Every worldview frames how one understands the world and how one acts in the world (Entwistle, pp61). The author also addresses four themes to help the reader gain an understanding of the Christian world view which include creation, fall, redemption and consummation. Creation addresses the understanding of who humans are and how it relates to the world that we live in. The fall deals rebellion against God in the garden. Redemption speaks about the forgiveness of our sins that came through the savior of Jesus Christ. Finally Consummation pulls all three previous topics together and is the start of the integration at its core. The pursuit of truth: Epistemology provides understanding for the reader to gain insight to the way that humans process and react to truth. Epistemology is the pursuit of intellectual virtue. It wants to provide an evidentiary basis for belief, rather than one of just opinion. Entwistle then brings up another important topic which is Metaphysics. Metaphysics can be defined as the philosophical investigation of the nature, constitution and stature of reality. Philosophical anthropology attempts to validate assumptions made by theologians and psychologists about human nature and behavior (Entwistle, pp119). The author provides five models for relating to psychology and theology. These models seek to provide the reader with a clear understanding of the various perspectives about book of God’s word, which reveals the will of God and the book of God’s works which is his expressed power that was first described by Francis Bacon (Entwistle, pp136). The first model is enemies, which is a commitment to a worldview that disregards either religious belief or the insight of human reason. Secondly he speaks, about spies within this model pragmatic desire to use any means help a person’s wellbeing and also those apart of this model have very little connection to any religious views. The next model is the colonialists whose main allegiance is to a religious system. The neutral parties have gained knowledge from various perspectives. Lastly the allies model states that people find their purpose when they see there selves in right relationship to God. As Entwistle concludes his work he helps the reader find the road to integration. He also states in order to integrate psychology and Christianity it is necessary to define the contours of psychology and the contours of Christian orthodoxy (Entwistle, pp136). Finally the reader is given insight to the road ahead as it relates to psychology and Christianity. Concrete Response During the reading of this book a story that kept playing in my head was being back in my grandmother’s church in Louisiana. I can remember being in church and the pastor would often preach that as Christians we should never add or take away anything from the word of God. He would often state that when we do that, we are sinning against God. I remember being in church for what felt like was all day. I would fall asleep and mother or grandmother would pinch me so that I would wake up. The pain was so extreme and I often would think that God was mad at me because I was falling asleep in church. Another memory that comes to mind is whenever the members of my grandmother’s church did not understand something it would often be deemed as the devil. For example when I was reading the story of what happened to Galileo, could see the members at my grandmother’s church condemning him, because they did not understand the theories that he discovered. My mother told me when she became pregnant with me at age 18; the leaders at church asked her to sit the back of the church because of her sin. Growing as a child I thought we say in the back because the was my mother favorite sit in church. I am so blessed that my mother moved away from Louisianan and we longer attended my grandmother’s church. If I would have still attended my grandmother’s church it would have impacted my worldview negatively. This memory helped me to gain a better understanding about the impact that our worldview has on life and the ways in we relate to God. Reflection While reading Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, many questions arose for this author. I understand that the book was written to help professionals use the Christian faith and psychology while at the same to help their clients overcome the barriers they face in life. However whether iris okay to add faith into the counseling session in the secular worldview? A question I have for the author is how to help counseling professionals know how, and when to integrate with clients. What I enjoyed most about the book is the way Entwistle takes his reader on a journey to discover their feelings and thoughts about integration. While reading this book I was encouraged to think outside of my perspectives. Most importantly I learned that we must allow ourselves the room to grow and change as we receive new knowledge. A strength that the book has was the ability to challenge me personally. Many times while reading the book I found myself questioning many of my thought patterns and beliefs. I would like to know if there will ever be a common agreement between psychologists and topologists. Action As result of reading this book I am going to implement the Allies model to my career. I would like to help my clients see themselves in proper relationship to God. I will use the model to integrate psychology and theology to gain a more holistic view of my clients. I am also going to keep in mind that a person’s worldview affects how he or she receives and processes truth. Therefore while working with my clients I am going to make an effort to understand their worldview so that I can help them to overcome their trials. Overall as result of reading this book I would like to be an example of love and grace to my clients. When working with other professionals I am going help them to develop and understand why seeing the clients a holistic perspective is important. I will also stress to my colleagues that when we fail to see our clients from a holistic point of view, we miss out on an opportunity to provide them with tools for success. Reference Entwistle, D. (2010). Integrative approaches to psychology and Christianity: An introduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations and models of integration. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.

The Movement of Workers from China to India

Abstract The present globalization has a range of structural effects. This is not only in developed economies, but also in the developing economies such as India and China. While China’s economy is driven by the manufacturing sector, India’s economy thrives because of the swift expansion of its services sector. The growth factor for India’s blueprint economic development is that it is geared towards long-term expansion.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Movement of Workers from China to India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the effects of globalization on labor force are reported in India, China and globally. In this context, both skilled and unskilled personnel form the key pillars for sustainability and rapid economic growth for these two countries. However, the development of labor force and labor regulations between these two countries differs. Whereas China labor force majorly concentrates on skilled manufacturing, India’s labor force is skilled in services sector. This gives India a proportional advantage over China because the current world economy is geared towards services sector. Introduction In last few decades, India and China have gained impressive status because of their respective sustained and rapid economic development and growth. Since nineteen eighty, the country of China has prospered beyond its usual development rates. While the economic growth rate of India can hardly match that of China, India is still amongst the rapidly growing world economies. Such exceptional economic achievements could be attributed to the fact that these nations were integrated into the universal economy. The impacts of integration principally on employment and economic growth have emerged as an essential academic investigation area. A review of study literature shows that when these nations were integrated into the worldwide economy, their economic growth rates were significantly affected. The most prominent effect was the transfer of world labor force from China to India. This literature review problem necessitates that the researcher conducts a comparative and empirical analysis about the movement of workers from China to India. Objectives The general study objective is to investigate factors that make the world labor force move from China to India. Under the general objective, the following parameters will be looked into:Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To investigate the differences and impacts of universal integration on the growth rates of these economies To establish the structural composition of the Chinese and Indian sectors To investigate the Chinese and India labor force distribution by sector To investigate the employment distribution by type in India and China Research Questions At the conclusion of thi s study, the obtained outcomes should give reasons why world labor force transfers from China to India. Thus, research report will respond to the following questions. What are differences and impacts of universal integration on the growth rates of these economies? What are the structural compositions of the Chinese and Indian sectors? What are the Chinese and India labor force distribution by sector? What are the employment distribution by type in India and China? Literature review The spectacular growths in the economy of these two countries in the last two decades have been attributed to the magnificent labor force. India in particular has developed an efficient and effective services sector especially in the information and communication technology. India’s economy is largely driven by the services sector hence the need for skilled labor force (Ahluwalia 2002, p.76). The change of policy towards the attainment of higher education and the adoption of modern technology h as increased India’s comparative advantage in the production of high tech products as compared with China (Mahtaney, 2007). The increased skilled work force coupled with low wages make India attractive in terms of labor cost in comparison to China, Mexico as well as other fast growing developing economies. In essence, majority of engineering and technology firms outsourced their operations in low cost countries such as India in order to reduce their operation costs (Freeman 2006, p.131). The increase of these offshore firms in India enabled skilled-high tech workers in China to migrate to India to fill the gap. The economics behind this movement of workers is that developed countries with comparative advantage in the technology sector stand to suffer economic losses when countries like India compete successfully in that sector (Samuelson 2004, p.140). Products from these new competing countries have the capability of reducing the prices of products in the world market due to low wages. As such, workers in developed countries have to move in those countries where chances of being productive are high, and there is less competition in employment (Samuelson 2004, p.140). Another factor that has led to the movement of labor force from China to India is that India has become the best candidate of the global-multinational firm’s sourcing for workers (Panagriya, 2008). Multinationals relocate their facilities including high-tech research RD as well as other operations to India where production is efficient and at low cost.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Movement of Workers from China to India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A large pool of offshore transfer of call centers and computer programming from developed countries to low-wage countries such as India is a natural-economic response to the low cost production (Panagriya, 2008). The combination of low cost production, skil led workforce and low wages make India a formidable competitor in the labor market. Thus, as these large industries move to India, workers also tend to move along with them especially highly skilled workforce from countries like China (Kozul-Wright Rayment, 2007). Another factor is the integration of these countries economy into the world economy that has enabled free movement of labor between these to countries. In this context, integration refers to the openness and liberalization of the economy within the market-driven globalization (Kozul-Wright Rayment 2007, p.29). Within the context of China and India, integration is taking place within the existing globalization which, comprises of the domestic-labor-market flexibility, capital movements and free trade. From the explanation, globalization facilitates the achievement of integration of these two countries (Mahtaney 2007, p.197). The integration between these two countries and also in the global economy facilitates the free mo vement of labor. Ghose (2008, p.49) argues that, the incorporation into the world economy generates essential incentives for structural changes in the formal sector of the economy and identifies the role of foreign labor force. The incentive to boost exports brings proportional benefits to the labor intensive industries and encourages competition from imports. Thus, it generates pressure for technical enhancement within import substitution industries. Further, liberated trade furthered by the labor force transfer has a vitalizing impact on emerging nation’s productivity expansion. This occurs through improved work efficiency as well as promoting specialty, financing practical step up and backing up large scale production (Ghose 2004, p.5110). Consequently, the escalation of job opportunities within the formal segment takes place when labor demanding factories have prolonged growth rates than the factories that are capital demanding.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Ghose et al. (2008 p.47) the employment effects of foreign capital and growth of trade are largely found within the formal sector. The reason is that most of the goods and services being traded are produced within this sector. In the unofficial segment, neither business operations growth nor investment inflow has consequences on the country’s employment yield. This is because goods and services are produced for domestic consumption. In addition, the unofficial segment hardly collects any overseas resource inflows. Ghose (2004, p.5115) argues that, at the global level, highly developed countries have a greater amount of skillful workforce. As such, they have a prospective proportional advantage in the production of skill-intensive manufactured products. In the contrary, emerging nations have a comparative gain in the creation of unqualified and physically produced commodities. As a result, developing countries benefit more from the unskilled labor force. The effec t on employment largely depends on the labor market regulations as well as the enforcement institutions (Kozul-Wright Rayment 2007, p.54). Under circumstances that alterations in wages cannot be realized, the whole work schemes fails. However, these predictions are founded on significant suppositions that might not match up with realities. Prior to the fiscal 1978 financial transformations, China had no redundancy setbacks given that workforces were assured of getting jobs via express occupation allotment. In addition, employment in China was characterized by restrictive movement from rural to urban areas tight control of wages by the administration (Ghose 2008, pp.48). The state authority over employment prevented the emergence of open employment. However, the policy resulted in the amassing of the excess labor within the units of production in both the rural and urban areas. As the integration in the global economies continues, tough labor regulations were gradually dismantled le ading to contracted tenure of minimum wage laws, rural urban migration and the privatization of medium sized public enterprises (Ghose 2008, pp.49). The privatization of public enterprises led to the retrenchment of most public personnel. It was also believed that surfacing of private enterprises will lead to the creation of greater flexibility in the labor market. Contrary to this belief, China still does not have free labor market. On the other hand, India had free labor market immediately after the economic reforms initiated in the 1980’s. Nevertheless, the free labor-market has not achieved its full potential due to some regulations that have effectively changed the labor from changeable to invariable factor of production (Ahluwalia 2002, p.73). However, India has in the recent past transformed its labor force according to the liberalized policies more than China has done leading to more workers living China to work in India where the state has no control over workers. Re search Methodology and Study Design Research Procedure In order to investigate the reasons why the world labor force transfers from China to India, this research study was a quantitative research. The research data were gathered across the study population through sampling strategy. A research technique dubbed as survey method was drawn on while descriptive statistics were applied to help analyze the obtained data. These research methods ensure that any unanticipated research hypothesis could be suggested and formulated. The study was also rather quick and somewhat cheap. These research methods are amongst the best given that they rarely stand a chance of disqualifying any notable alternative explanations. This is because they surmise to the event causation. To illustrate the reasons why the world labor force transfers from China to India as they seem to exist when this study is conducted, the suggested descriptive statistics accrued from the observations made. In order to present s ignificant research findings and appropriate conclusions, this investigative study on the reasons why the world labor force transfers from China to India used secondary data source. The secondary research data and information accrued from relevant and current media articles, industrial reports, journals and books. A review of these academic materials was done to obtain secondary information. Population and Sampling strategy In this study, all labor force transfers from China to India, employment records, GDP and sectoral composition were deemed viable when carrying out the research. However, the population target was the selected nine sources including relevant and current media articles, industrial reports, journals and books. Data Collection Data containing relevant research information for this study were acquired from secondary sources. In fact, as a field survey, information and data offering the reasons why the world labor force moves from China to India were gathered through observation and reviewing. The secondary research data were acquired from relevant and current media articles, industrial reports, journals and books containing the research information. Planned Method of Data Analysis The collected research information was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Data collected through secondary sources was analyzed by means of content analysis and logical analysis techniques. Quantitative data analysis techniques including percentages and tables were also used to make sure that quantitative data analysis is comprehensible. The method will be applied for each group of items observed that corresponds to the formulated research question and objectives. Analysis of data and study outcomes According to Mahtaney (2007) claims, India and China have realized elevated growth and development in their financial and economic systems for years. The GDP growth rates for India and China from the fiscal 1980 to 1990 averaged at 5.70% and 10.30% annually. Accord ing to Panagriya (2008), the average economic growth rates increased during the fiscal 2005 to 2007 whereby India recorded a GDP growth of 9.60% while China had 10.30%. Whereas the GDP growth rate for India was below that recorded by China, India has a remarkable economic growth rate. India and China are the only global nations that have sustained their rapid economic growths from 1980s despite the setbacks posed by irregular fluctuations. Both India and China have impressive economics performances. These are attributed largely to their marketplace oriented reforms intended to integrate these economies into the universal economy. Unlike other developing nations, these states have passed gradually through the liberation and openness paths (Ahluwalia 2002, p.67). Thus, the level of India’s economic growth rate compared with that of China could be one of the reasons that cause the world labor force to transfer from China to India. Besides, the transfer could be explored from the broader integration framework process that is documented in the study literature. In 1978, the shift of China to marketplace nation from the renowned premeditated country instigated by establishing extensive economic streamlining. The artistic uprising was detested in China. This country also realized greater setbacks within its planned economy. On the contrary, the East African States had market oriented economies that inspired success. Ghose (2004) reported that China embraces corporatization, wider enterprise autonomy, contract system as well as the floatation of corporations’ equity both at international and domestic stock markets. Some of these features are not favoring labor force. China was controlled by marketed forces such as entrepreneurship and market driven prices which made its economy be permeated. The country only relaxed after it had joined the world trade organization in the fiscal 2001, and this freed China from the foreign trade controls. India in contrast initiated its systematic economic reforms which enabled the country to be a market economy rather than a socialist economy. The 1980s and 1991 reforms altered the basic formation of India’s economy as it eliminated certain quantitative controls. For instance, India allows for foreign direct investments increment resulting into the expansion of private segment as well as dismantling import controls and lowering custom duties. All these restructured the role of government in the economy of India and permitted foreign direct investment which in turn created additional employment opportunities. India and China have similar reforms although they pursued different growth strategies that attract global labor transfer. India has vast resources, but a majority of its labor force is incompetent and illiterate. Those who are supposed to work in various sectors lack expertise, thus allowing foreign labor force to apply and occupy the available job positions in China. Conversely, China h as well educated labor force who can occupy the vacant sectoral positions. From table one below; it is clear that the GDP sectoral compositions for these two countries are not quite different. Within the GDP composition, the agricultural share for India and China were 38.10% and 36.10% before reforms took place. The share drastically reduced in 1990s, but India was still better than China. The composition of agriculture in India’s GDP was 19.60% while China reported 11.40% in the fiscal 2005. The share of agriculture for these countries reduced with industrialization. The effects were rather different on service and industrial sectors. From research data, it is clear that the world labor force initially preferred China to India because China had initially been industrialized. The manufacturing sector contributed 33.60% of China’s GDP and its industries had increased steadily. In India, industries only contributed 20.9% of the total GDP. In fact, since 1980s, India has never reported any considerable industrial growth rate. The growth of India results from the service sector whereas that of China emerges from manufacturing. The service sector of India has grown twofold compared with that of China. Despite that fact, China exports more than what India exports, India is in the verge of increasing its export as the country is less reliant on imports as compared with China. Table two shows that the export share in India increased from 7.0% to 19.0%. China export share rose to 34.0% from 18.0% across the fiscal year of study. India’s growth prospect could be the reasons why world labor force has opted to move from China to India. Table two shows that India’s service export share is higher compared with that of China. The transfer of labor force from China to India is attributable to various factors ranging from lack of experienced expertise, increasing economic growth rate and the booming service, merchandize, manufacturing and agricultur al sectors of India. China is equipped with enough labor force. According to the spread of labor force of India and China by sector, the inter-sector transfers of labor are related to the equivalent output increase in these segments. The implication is that these problems do not pose a challenge to China as compared with India. The indication is that India goes against the pattern of growth since its economic growth is driven by services sectors (Ahluwalia 2002, p.76). The growth in India’s services sector is predominantly driven by information technology which, has greater value as far as employment is concerned (Ahluwalia 2002, p.76). The sector is currently absorbing workers in its sectoral labor force. However, due to its unique nature, IT sector only requires educated and skilled employees that constitute the minor proportion of the total labor force (Reserve Bank of India, 2008). The inter-sector transfer of labor is higher in India compared with that reported in China. The reason is the free labor transfer policies in India as compared with that of China (tables 3). The figures can also be attributed to the ease with which immigrant labor can easily be absorbed by sectors in India as compared with China (Reserve Bank of India, 2008). The prescribed employment segment has low aptitude due to intellect use up in China compared with India. A majority of skilled workers is migrating from India to China (Reserve Bank of India, 2008). The movement of skilled labor force was higher compared with low or medium skilled labor force (table 4 and 5). Conclusion According to empirical evidences, the increased integration of India and China’s economies into the global market has a range of effects. Nonetheless, the consequence of integration on human resources is relatively comparable. The difference is majorly seen in the overall economic output. It is also seen in the major drivers of the economy that determines the labor force each country has. China ’s labor force majorly comprises of manufacturing skilled workers while India’s labor force is majorly service oriented. The differences in the overall economic output, employment structures, and labor policies adopted by these countries have led to the movement of labor force. The Chinese labor migrates to India as a result of stringent state control of workers and the minimum wages adopted by the state. References Ahluwalia, MS 2002, â€Å"Economic reforms in India since 1991: has gradualism worked?† Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.16, no. 3, pp.67-88. Freeman, RB 2006, â€Å"Does globalization of the scientific/engineering workforce threaten US economic leadership?† Innovation Policy and the Economy, vol.39 no.6, pp.123–158. Ghose, AK 2004, â€Å"The employment challenge in India†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 39, no. 48, pp.5106-5116 Ghose, AK 2008, â€Å"The growth miracle, institutional reforms and employment in Chinaâ₠¬ , Economic and Political Weekly, vol.39 no. 31, 2008, pp.47-56. Kozul-Wright, R Rayment, P 2007, The resistible rise of market fundamentalism: rethinking development policy in an unbalanced world, Zed Books Ltd, London. Mahtaney, P 2007, India, China and globalization: the emerging superpowers and the future of economic development, Palgrave Macmillan, England. Panagriya, A 2008, India: the emerging giant, Oxford University Press, USA. Reserve Bank of India 2008, Annual reports for various years, . Samuelson, PA 2004, â€Å"Where Ricardo and Mill rebut and confirm arguments of mainstream economists supporting globalization†, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 44 no.18, pp.135–146. Appendices Table one: The percentage sectoral composition of India and China’s GDP Table two: the percentage structure of India and China’s sectoral exports Agriculture Manufacture Merchandize Services India 2005 6.3 42.20 17.80 33.70 2000 9.20 49.90 15.30 25.70 1993 13.20 51.80 18.40 16.60 1990 13.50 48.60 20.20 17.70 1983 16.80 31.00 30.20 21.90 China 2005 3.40 83.70 7.40 8.90 1997 7.50 75.20 12.90 11.80 1990 14.70 65.40 26 8.60 1984 18.90 43 47.30 9.70 Tables 3: Distribution of labor force of India and China by sector China Year Agriculture Industry Services 1980 70 19 14 1990 61 22 20 2000 51 24 28 India Year Agriculture Industry Services 1983 87 15 17 1988 65 17 18 1993 64 20 20 2000 60 18 22 Table 4: Distribution of employment by type in china (% of total employment) Type of employment 1990 1997 2005 Self-employment 51 46 40 TVEs 11 14 19 PEIB 4 10 14 State 22 20 9 Non-state 0.2 2 5 Table 5: Distribution of employment by type in India (% of total employment Type of employment 1983 1994 2005 Self-employment 57 56 57 Casual wage employment 30 32 28 Regular wage employment 14 14 15 Formal sector employment 8 7 6 This report on The Movement of Workers from China to India was written and submitted by user Maritza Langley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marijuana Should Be Legalized essays

Marijuana Should Be Legalized essays Slowly, the old man inhales the sweet smelling smoke and instantly relaxes. Time goes by slowly, stress melts like an ice cube, and the man feels a great sense of fatigue. Finally the man can go to sleep and rest in peace. These are just a few of the reasons people smoke marijuana. By making marijuana illegal, the government is deciding for the people what is healthy for them. Decriminalizing marijuana causes more harm than good. The war on drugs seems to be failing to achieve what it is meant for. Illegalizing marijuana violates civil liberties, causes social disorder, and increases crime and violence. The best solution to reduce these problems is to legalize marijuana for medicinal and recreational use. Marijuanas effects are nearly harmless. In fact, lethal overdose of marijuana is virtually impossible (Lowry 36). No one can say the same about alcohol. President Nixon once said, There is little proven danger of physical or psychological harm from the experimental or intermittent use of natural preparations of cannabis... (qtd. in Glasser). The author, Richard Lowry, of Weed Whackers agreed in his article by stating, ...it makes little sense to send people to jail for using a drug that, in terms of its harmfulness, should be categorized somewhere between alcohol and tobacco on one hand and caffeine on the other (36). Not only is this drug practically harmless, but people enjoy this drug for many personal reasons. They smoke it to relieve stress, mellow out, or just have fun (Kalet 82). The British medical journal Lancet could not have said it better by saying, When used in a social setting, it may produce infectious laughter and talkativeness (qtd. in Lowry). The effects of marijuana do not affect anybody else except for the user. If the effects of marijuana feel good to the user and no one else is harmed, why should it be illegal to use the drug? Drug warrio...

Preparing a Risk Management Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Preparing a Risk Management Report - Assignment Example The Kotva store has a tiled floor, shelves arranged horizontally to allow for proper stocking of products and furniture made from either glass or wood. Firstly, the tiled floor may be a cause of a tripping incident. If a customer trips and is injured while shopping, they may claim damages from the owner. In addition, if an attendant is washing the floor and a customer trips, the owner may still be liable for the injuries incurred by the customer. In an argument by Ebert & Morrell (2012) if a person is injured while in a premises of another person, they may get compensation from the owner. However, if the person is injured as a result of their mistake the owner may not be found liable (Ebert & Morrell, 2012). It would be also be addressed ad negligence is a customer is harmed by a product purchased from the store. The owner of the store has a responsibility to ensure that the products traded in the store are safe for human consumption or use. For instance, if a customer purchases bread from the Kotva store and get food poisoning, the owner of the store is liable for the injuries. However, if the store owner was provided with false information by the manufacturer about a product, the liability may be shifted to the manufacturer. Deakin, Johnston & Markesinis (2008) assert that negligence can only be valid under tort if a person was falsely provided with information by a third party. The authors further asserts that negligence is only applicable if a person ignore to analyse the information available prior to an incident (Deakin, Johnston & Markesinis, 2008). As stated by the rules in the store, the customer is liable for the damages they incur to the store. For instance, if a customer is accompanied by children and they spill beverages, the customer should pay for the damages. The Kotva store states the rule on its shelves. In addition, the customer may be found liable if they

Capital budgeting decision is whether to lease or buy an asset Essay

Capital budgeting decision is whether to lease or buy an asset - Essay Example It is very important to study all capital investments options that are available with the firm because of the long-term consequences. The simplest example of a capital budgeting decision is to decide if a firm should buy an asset or lease the same. Buying the asset will result in capital investments while leasing will lead to operational outflow. Capital budgeting methods In order to evaluate the capital budgeting options available with it, a firm can use many of the following ways: Net Present Value: Net present value is the cash the firm will need today as a substitute of making the investment of purchasing the asset (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, 2004). If the NPV is positive, this means that the firm will get that cash amount equal to the NPV. The calculation of the net present value takes into account the time value of money along with the cash flow associated with the project throughout the lifetime. A project should be pursued if the net present value is positive. Internal rate of return: This is the discount rate that makes the Net Present Value of a project zero. If the IRR of purchasing the asset is greater than the discount rate, the asset should be brought. Otherwise, the asset should be leased. ... Profitability index: The profitability index ratio is an indication of the cost associated with the project viz-a-viz the initial investment made. The ratio can be calculated as: Accounting rate of return: Accounting rate of return is the rate of return that is generated from the proposed capital investment. Each method has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. While NPV calculation is based on too many assumptions including that of the future cash flows as well as the return on equity. The calculation is also based on the premise that the cash flows generated are invested back at the discounted rate which is not a realistic assumption. The internal rate of return calculation assumes that the returns from the project are re-invested in the project. However, this might not be true in most of the cases. In addition, if the project has multiple positive and negative cash flows, it may have several IRRs. As a result of this, firms shall use modified internal rate of return (MIRR), which is the discount rate that makes the investment equal to the future value of the cash flows from investment (Kierulff, 2008). The actual method used for capital budgeting decisions differ from firm to firm depending upon the size of the firm, the rate of growth of firm and leverage of firm amongst others. Graham and Harvey (2000) in their paper â€Å"The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field† indicate that net present value and internal rate of return are the most popular methods used for capital budgeting decision methods. They also concluded that there is no dependence of the method used on the growth rate for firms with smaller debt ratios. Large firms are more frequent user of NPV as compared to smaller firms. Public companies are more likely to

Impact of Art on Fashion

Impact of Art on Fashion Fashion and art are two disciplines that revolve around the same sphere, which is creativity. The two worlds share a bridge that links the two together. Art in its own aspect has followed humanity through its times and the world of fashion has also been synonymous to it. The two mediums share a close relationship. Fashion has its deep roots set in self expressionism, a means to show the world our personality by way of body adornment and clothing. Art as well tends to articulate the thoughts of the artist across to the spectator, by the colours that have been used to the mood that the artwork brings about. These elements could say a lot about the artist and his personality, just as much as a dark makeup and ripped jeans could say in context to self expressionism in fashion. The dissertation is a study on the influence on art on fashion and how fashion impacts art. It generates from the Period of Rococo, all the way into the modern world, and showcases the significance of art and fashion in the development and harmonious existence of the two subjects. Research Approach Research is defined by Saunders as: the systematic collection and interpretation of information with a clear purpose, to find things out. (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2003). It is with this theory in mind that I approach my study. Research Methodology In order to tackle the objective I have of how art influences fashion, I will use both Primary and secondary data. Primary Data Is the data which is collected by the researcher himself, by means of observations, interviews and surveys. It is data which has not been published. I will formulate the primary data by way of interviews conducted with artists and fashion designers as well as current fashion design students. Secondary Data Is data that has already been published and already exists in literary sources. They can be in the form of Books, Journals, Public Records, documentaries etc. Secondary data will be gathered by means of books written on fashion and art and design. News paper archives, scholarly journals and magazines will also be sourced. Web pages and blogs discussing art and fashion will also be consulted. Literature Review Art and its influence on fashion, has a very broad spectrum. Art in its own aspect can vary from fine arts to performing arts, from paintings and sculptures to Broadway musicals. When you consider fashion it can deal with an innumerable amount of things, varying from clothing to footwear and jewellery to beauty, hair and makeup. In order to make this study more feasible I limited my scope to Paintings and Womens clothing. I will survey the most relevant and significant literature in relation to my topic. When conducting my literature review I considered literary sources pertaining to the fundamentals of art and fashion. I looked into the history of the two subjects by way of published books and museum explorations. I also looked into books published on how art influences fashion and fashions impact on art. My literary investigation also explores the online world. I used search engines with terms such as Art and fashion and art movements for instance Op-Art and Art deco to generate articles written on the subjects. I went through online archives of news papers and online journals to find any articles written on either fashion or art. Fashion depicted in Paintings The links between art and fashion go back at least to the Renaissance (Boucher, 1988, p. 191). Italian artists during the renaissance period were highly influenced by fashion. Artists of the stature of Jacopo Bellini, Antonio del Pollaiuolo and above all Antonio Pisanello, were not only depicting fashions in their paintings, but also creating costume models and designing textile patterns and embroidery. (Mackrell, Art and Fashion, 2005, p. 5) The 16th Century brought about a new era in world of fashion and art, Alice Macrell states in her book that: The 16th century was the great age of travel and exploration, with a quest for knowledge that included the costume and customs of other nations. This had tremendous results for fashion, as the first printed costume books appeared in the second half of the century, heralding a new visual source (Mackrell, 1997, pp. 14-17) Fashion and art continued in unity from the 16th century to the 17th Century. The interaction of art and fashion continued apace in the 17th century. In France the artists more closely associated with fashion engraving during the reign o King Louis XIII (1610-43) were Jacques Callot, Jean de Saint-Igny and Abraham Bosse. Callots most illuminating, illustrations of fashion were his twelve etchings in the series La Noblesse de Lorraine (1624) in which he observed most perceptively the fashionable dress of dames and seigneurs of his native region. (Gaudriault, 1988, p. 8 and 29) Artists in Europe during the 17th century were finding inspiration in clothing. The Flemish Baroque artist known as Rubens was producing costume studies for his subject paintings and portraits. He then compiled a vast compilation of drawings known as the Costume Book. Anthony van Dyke was Rubens assistant. He was the son of a cloth and silk merchant and was known for his sumptuous costume Van Dyke must have acutely been aware o the power of dress. (Gordenker, 2001, p. 3) The bohemian artist Wenceslaus Hollar worked in England as an Etcher, engraver and illustrator. He engaged in costume studies specializing in womens Fashions. His best known series of womens costumes is the four seasons. The British Museum which holds one of the four etchings of the Seasons says; Hollars virtuosity as an etcher is apparent from the variety of fabric and furs, he captures in the womans garments. (Winter an Etching, www.britishmuseum.org). Figures 1 2 below show the full length etching of summer and winter sketched by Wenceslaus Hollar. Alice Mackrell in her book Art and Fashion (2005) gives her view on Paintings held at Museums. Figure 3 below shows the Painting of Madame de Pompadour by Franà §oise-Hubert Drouais. Descending the long staircase in the Sainsbury wing of the National Gallery, London, into the lower galleries that housed the exhibition Madame de Pompadour: Images of a Mistress, ones attention showed straight ahead her ravishing portrait painted by Franà §oise-Hubert Drouais [Refer Figure 3 for the painting] Madame de Pompadour seated in her boudoir at her tambour frame, engaged in embroidery work yet surrounded by her books and a portfolio of engravings reminding the viewer of her intellectual and artistic achievements, wears a gown of naturalistic light green leaves and salmon pink flowers, trimmed at the elbows with three rows of large four striking bows of matching striped silk at her elbows with three rows of large engagà ©antes (cuffs with two or three ruffles) made of fine French needle lace. This garment epitomizes the Rococo taste serpentine curves, three-dimensional ornamentation and clear, delicate colours. (Mackrell, Art and Fashion, 2005) Franà §oise-Hubert Drouais, Madame de Pompadour at her Tambour Frame The colours on her dress characterize the Rococo taste Another one of the great artists who represented womens fashions in his paintings is Thomas Gainsborough, Mackrell yet again states: The English artist whose work most conjures up fashionable ladies in their silks and gauzes indeed whose portraiture not only captured a living likeness, but also epitomized the English elegance of Rococo fashion, is Thomas Gainsborough. He was very much aware of Rococo art and fashion. (ibid, p.8). The Rococo movement was followed by the Neo-Classical movement. Neo-Classicism was all that the Rococo period was not about. Artist Joseph Marie Vien belonged to this era. Contemporaries looked to Vien to Inspire women to abandon their Rococo capriciousness for classical simplicity. Neo classicism became the dominant movement in the fine and decorative arts, architecture and fashion in Europe from the late 18th century, as knowledge grew ever more widespread about the archaeological discoveries extending from southern Italy to Egypt and the Near East. (ibid. pp. 33 and 35) The literary movement of Romanticism followed Neo-Classicism. Romanticism was the cult of personality. The celebration of individual character and social status took on a fresh aspect in the form of a new kind of fashionable society portraiture. The Romantic sense of mission had a powerful influence on artists in exploring the self. (Mackrell, Art and Fashion, 2005, p. 46) Romanticism was a new movement, but it did not completely break away from the trends that were evident during the Neo-Classical era. Romantics frequently sought to make classicism a living experience rather than a dead ideal, and aspects of Neo-classicism a living experience rather than a dead ideal, and aspects of Neo-classicismhave been seen as a hybrid version of Romantic classicism. (Baudelaire, 1992, p. 53) Aestheticism then followed the Period of Romanticism. An artist during this period of time who incorporated fashion in his art was an American painter by the name of James Abbott McNeill Whistler. The book Art and Fashion (2005) asserts: Whistler was someone who assimilated the fashions of his time as an integral component of his art, such as the craze for everything Japanese that was sweeping Paris and LondonHe appreciated beauty and styling women, and concentrated on them in his portraiture, painting images of beauty that could be appreciated on their aesthetic merit alone. (Mackrell, 2005, pp. 84 and 85) The beauty of aestheticism was followed by Realism. Artists tried to depict a sense of reality through their paintings. Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a French critic during this period. He identified the concepts of realism as: Romantic individualism, with an art that reflected its own epoch and, in its demands or a modern style Realism continued the aims of the Romantics (Rubin, 1980, p. 49) Édouard Manet, was a friend of Baudelaire and a painter. For Manet dress represented the outward aspect of modern life, that transient envelope that both veils and reveals its unchanging essence. (Mauner, 2000). According to The French taste for Spanish painting: Manet admired and sought to emulate, in order to better depict the realities of life, including fashion. (Tinterow Lacambre, 2003, p. 51) Impressionism was then followed after Realism, Following the lead of Manet, they shared a commitment of vision, in which their depiction of dress was a salient sign of their determination to be modern. (Mackrell, Art and Fashion, 2005) Impressionists linked contemporary life with fashion in their works of art. According to R L Herbert: Fashion and art shared certain featuresand for the Impressionists there was an underlying association of contemporary life with fashion. (Herbert, 1988, p. 198) At the end of the 19th Century, new appeared to be the high thrill word. Articles in newspapers and magazines referred to the new woman, the new fiction the new journalism and the new art, the key date for the new art was 1884, this was founded in Belgium and the term Art Nouveau was coined by supporters of this avant-garde group. (Mackrell, Art and Fashion, 2005) According to the Victoria and Albert Museum: Art Nouveau was the first concerted attempt to create a modern international style based on decoration. (Greenhalg, 2000) On the chapter of Art Nouveau and Art Deco Mackrell affirms the meaning of Art Nouveau: Art Nouveau was an essentially urban creation of sophisticated artists and designers, and reflected a diversity of trends. The natural world was the single most important source. Nature was widely used to achieve a modern look, so much so, that in Art Nouveau circles, nature and modernity cam to mean almost the same thing. (Mackrell, Art and Fashion, 2005, p. 112) Paul Poiret was a couturier who emerged during the early years of the 20th century, Poiret marked the beginning of a new era, not only in fashion but in illustration too, heralding the birth of the style which is known today as Art Deco. (Robinson, 1976, p. 38) Poiret was also known for his knack of linking the fashion world with art. Having an affinity with painters he [Poiret] was the first couturier to relate fashion successfully to the arts. (ibid. p. 116) Sonia Delaunay was a painter designer and printmaker during the 1920s. She was an advocate of Orphism. Sonia Delaunay made a significant impact on how art and fashion could overlap and influence each other. (ibid. p. 130) The early 1920s brought about the Surrealist movement. The term surrealism was coined in 1917 by the French prose writer, poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire. Surrealists gave positive expression to their views. They reacted with a review of values at every level of society, inspired by psychoanalytical theories of Sigmund Freud. (ibid. p. 135) Surrealism touched fashion in a way that no previous art movements had. Fashion and its instruments were at the heart of the Surrealist metaphor, touching on the imagery of woman and the correlation between the world of real objects and the life of objects in mind. (Martin, 1990) Two Fashion designers who were greatly influenced by surrealism arts was Elsa Schiaparelli and Coco Chanel. They found a new and exciting canvas on which to articulate their ideas, by translating Surrealist art into clothing. Surrealism was the leading and most controversial movement in literature and the arts between the two World Wars. (Mackrell, Art and Fashion, 2005, p. 135) Salvador Dali was known as the father of Surrealism. He and Elsa Schiaparelli forged together to make a new avenue in fashion. Dali and Schiaparelli also collaborated on two of the most iconic dresses of the 1930s, the organza dress with painted lobster was one of them (ibid. p.144) Figure 4 5. The literature review I conducted shows that there is an existance between fashion and art. It concludes that artists and painters alike have been influenced by the fashion world. Fashion designers have also been inspired by the works of artists and their paintings. The literature review is only subjected to paintings and womens wear clothing. It does not explore other works of art like sculptures. When it comes to the world of fashion, the review only deals with aspects of clothing and has not explored the influece that art might have on different articles of fashion, such as foowear and jewellery. The Influence of Art on Fashion The two worlds of art and fashion go a long way into history, almost as far as the Renaissance. Art in its own aspect has followed humanity through its times. The world of fashion has also been synonymous to it. A web article on the rise of Social conscience in art inspired fashion acknowledges that Art can be a means of reconstructing experiences, communicating emotions or echoing sentiments of individuals or the masses. (The Rise of Social Conscience in Art Inspired Fashion) Fashion too shares a place in evoking emotions and making statements. In these aspects it is obvious that Art and Fashion share many common links. The article also states that The desire to express the need for a higher social conscience is driving the union between revolutionary art and clothing. (ibid) Since it is now clear that there are links between Art and Fashion, I would like to first look at these two subjects individually. Art Art plays a major role in peoples lives. It helps us be creative and gives us a platform to express ourselves. It is a big part of our lives that sometimes we stop to acknowledge the part it plays. Just think about the house you live in the jewellery you adorn, the cover of a novel, these are all a part of art. Two currents of thought run through our ideas about art. In one, first considered by Aristotle (384 BC.), Art is concerned as mimesis (imitation), the representation of appearances, and gives us pleasure through the accuracy and skill with which it represents the real world. The other view derived from the Greek philosopher Plato (427 BC.), holds that the artist is inspired by the Muses, or by God or the inner impulses, or by the collective unconscious)to express that which is beyond appearances, inner feelings, eternal truths or the essence of the age. (Definition of Art, Hutchinson Encyclopedia) The two philosophers Aristotle and Plato have defined art as Representational and Non Representational art. Non Representational art is more commonly referred to as Abstract art. Representational art is a style of realistic painting which depicts recognisable objects or figures. Whereas abstract art has no clear images and dont form a clear identity, and must be interpreted by the observer of the artwork. Examples of representational art include still life, portraits and landscapes to name a few. Non representational art came about during the modern world at the beginning of the 20th Century. The Abstract movement was formed and Piet Mondrian and Mark Rothkos were works of art which to the beholder had no objective meaning, unless scrutinized. Like most subjects art too has fundamentals that it uses. Such as line, shape, form, space, texture and colour. Artists manipulate these elements, mix them in with principles of design and compose a piece of art. (Mitler Ragans, 1992). The elements of art serve as a base, on which the artist can build their forte on. An artist cannot create art without making the use of at least one or more of these elements. Art is also governed by its own principles. These principles help govern how artists organise the visual elements by giving them guide lines. The principles of art include balance, variety, harmony, emphasis, proportion, movement and rhythm. (Mitler Ragans, 1992) There are many products that we can classify as art. It solely depends on the individual. What I call art may not fall into the context of art for you. It is subjective, and is open to many interpretations. There is no definite limit to what can or cannot be called art; in the end it is up to the audience. Art communicates with people across different cultures. It ranges from sculpture to painting to Shakespeare novels and Mozarts Classic compositions to Todays graphically improvised Anime cartoons and play station games. These are all the work of master craftsmen in their own accord. In other words they would simply be called Artists and what they create would be classified as works of art. The musician Frank Zappa believed that Anything can be music but it doesnt become music until someone wills it to be music, and the audience listening to it decides to perceive it as music. Most people cant deal with that abstraction, or dont want to (Definition Of Art, 2005) I want to go into the depths of Paintings and how it influences us and Fashion. My main focus will be on Paintings from the New Modern Age. Paintings have been in existence since the pre historic times. It is a continuous form of creativity which flows throughout history and culture and into todays world. Paintings in history have had its influence mainly on the existing culture of its time. Like African, Indian, Japanese and Islamic art all have a strong link to its culture. Since the religion of Islam prohibits the remaking of any form of a living creature, Islamic art does not possess any form of Human life in it. Its main art form is Arabesque, the use of calligraphic motifs and Mosaic art Paintings have a history of their own. From the cave paintings of the Stone Age to the art of the Renaissance period and into Modern art. As William Dobell says A sincere artist is not one who makes faithful attempts to put on to canvas what is in front of him, but one who tries to create something which is, in it-self a living thing. (Dobell, 2009) I will give a brief synopsis on the Artistic movements through history to Today, starting from the period of the Renaissance. The Renaissance Artists during this period wanted art that showed joy in human beauty and lifes pleasures. The paintings were more lifelike and brought in a sense of realism. They studied the art of perception, the artists painted in a way that showed differences from points of focus, resulting in painting with depth. The two famous painters from this time were Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. A famous quote by Michelangelo was that The true work of art is but a shadow of the divine perfection this is because he was a devout Christian and the church was his greatest patron. Rococo Period of Art (1700 1750) Rococo art is known for its light, ornamental and elaborate style of art. The main focus on paintings was of surface decoration and consisted mainly of light delicate colours. Portrait paintings was famous during this period, and one of the women painted often during this period was Madame de Pompadour. Neoclassicism (1750 1830) Then came about the 1800s this was thought to be an age of change. It was also during this time that the french reveloution took place. No single art style was in place Fashion Fashion is a specialized form of body adornment. It has been around ever since man was put down on earth. It has its own history and evolution through times. Explorers and travellers were among the first to document and comment on the body adornment and dress styles that they encountered around the world. Some returned from their travels with drawings and examples of clothing, sparking off a desire not only for the artefacts themselves but also for an understanding of them. Eventually the study of clothing came to be an accepted part of anthropology The study of human beings. (Jones, 2002) Fashion relates not only to clothing but also its accessories like jewellery, hairstyle, footwear and even body art. I intend on looking into the aspect of fashion in relation to clothing. To find out what fashion is and who make fashion be called fashion. For as long as time, individuals have used clothing as a means of non verbal communication. It is known to be a form of free speech. It is a language of signs and symbols and iconography. (Jones, 2002) It helps individuals to make a statement through what they wear and express individual identity, and since it is visual it is very easy for the onlooker to comprehend the image we are portraying through what we adorn. Cultural theorists and clothing analysts have focused on four practical functions of dress: utility, modesty, immodesty and adornment. (Jones, 2002) George Sproles suggested four additional elements which are: symbolic differentiation, social affiliation, psychological self enhancement and modernism. (George, 1979) Brief outlines of these elements are given below. Utility Clothing to be functional has to be practical. It is used to give us protectiveness in the environment that we are in. The human body temperature needs to be kept at a mean temperature to make sure of blood circulation and comfort. Dress reformers have put utility above other aesthetic considerations. The American Publisher Amelia Jenks Bloomer was worried about the impracticality of the crinoline that women used. She then brought about the concept of wearing trousers called bloomers, which eradicated the impracticality of the crinoline. (Jones, 2002) With the story of the bloomers in mind, people today choose clothes with comfort and durability in mind. Modesty Clothing acts as an aid to our nakedness. They help cover our body and can act as a guard to our modesty. We are often self conscious about our image, when it comes to revealing more of our body. When we grow older we try to hide our flaws, and seek clothing as our cover. Our culture plays a big role in modesty; it varies through individuals and societies over time. Immodesty Women have often been symbolized as passive sexual objects. Clothing can be used to enhance this attractiveness according to the wearer. A psychoanalytic approach, based on the writings of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung have been used by fashion theorists to explain the unconscious process underlying changes in fashion. (Jones, 2002) Adornment Young women in particular, often attempt to measure up to the ideals of beauty. In relation they use adornment to enrich their physical appearance, and bring out their individuality. The use of adornments could be as excessive as the user wants it to be. Such as how high can your shoe heels be, and how much make up could we layer on our face. These are all choices made on an individual level, in order to fit into a group or to make a statement. Symbolic Differentiation We as human beings often feel the need to identify who we are to society. Be it a doctor, lawyer, nun or pop artist. We use clothing to help satisfy this need. Clothing helps differentiate and help recognize who we are. It distinguishes the levels of social standing and helps in recognizing religious associations and professions. Social affiliation As opposed to differentiation, when it comes to social affiliation, we tend to dress to fit into a particular group or part of society. Clothing can sometimes be used as a revolt against fashion and its current trends as well. Like the punks who can be noted by their torn clothes, coloured hair and the dramatic use of safety pins. The Goths, who also dress in a similar fashion, have led to a more feminised version in Japan called the Gothic Lolita. These groups in time tend to form their own fashions and people treat them as modern trends. And try to adopt these elements into their wardrobe as well. Psychological self enhancement We as individuals try to stand out on our own and show our personality. For this reason you will hardly find two people dressed alike from head to toe. Because as individuals we have our own tastes and styles of putting things together. So we adorn ourselves in different manners even if we shop at the same store, and buy the same clothes the way we look once we have accessorised ourselves would differ, just like no two people are alike. It is now evident that fashion indeed, does affect our life greatly. According to Linda Watson, dressing is our forth bodily function. Dressing is the fourth bodily function after breathing, eating and sleeping and excluding a couple of delicious optional extras one of the fundamental pleasures of the human body is to clothe it. Which makes fashion its closest relation pretty important. (Watson, 1999) Fashion is a form of art which will forever be changing throughout the decades, and the change is brought about by trends which are signalled out through Fashion design and its designers. Fashion Design Fashion design is a form of art. It falls into the category of applied arts. Applied arts unlike fine arts is the application of design together with aesthetics to produce objects of use. it is ruled by the principle that form follows function. Fashion designing is the creativity of deigning clothing. Like many forms of design and art fashion design too has its elements. The main elements are silhouette, line, and texture. The uses of these elements are called principle; they are repetition, rhythm, graduation, radiation, contrast, harmony, balance and proportion (Jones, 2002) Fashion is divided into two seasons, Spring/Summer and Autumn/Winter. Designers design accordingly to the two seasons. The clothing they produce for each season is called a collection. Fashion collections always have certain similarities, an invisible thread which ties up all the pieces of the collection together. A look into the above mentioned elements and principles will help us to understand how fashion design works. Silhouette In simple terms Silhouette is basically the outline of a form. Fashion Silhouette is the overall outline a garment produces. As garments are three dimentional the Silhouette changes when it is moving. So designers have to keep this in mind when they design the clothing. The Silhouette of a garment is what first catches the eye. Because of distance it is what is first noticed before the detailing of the clothing comes to view. For this reason Silhouette is one of the most important elements in design. When designers produce a collection they keep in mind that it cannot have too many different Silhouettes. Too many variations will weaken the impact and the overall message that the designers are creating will be lost. Silhouettes have changed throughout times and have gone to extremes of being bulky and voluminous to flat and skinny. I will look at this later during the historical analysis if fashion. Line The most common use of line in fashion is in the seaming of the pattern pieces and in fastenings. Vertical seam lines create an effect of length and elegance because they lead the eye up and down the body. Horizontal lines tend to be shorter in span and therefore draw attention to the width of the body. Lines across the body can make the figure appear shorter and wider. (Jones, 2002) Lines in a garment give us different views of perception. Lines can be used effectively to enhance or hide features of the body. It helps give the garment direction and flow. Texture Texture in fashion design relates to the surface feel of the fabric. The way a fabric behaves is very important in design. As it will set the overall look of the garment and how the garment will sit on the body and move with flexibility. Colour is also important when it comes to creating a good impression with the garment. Fashion design gives us a unique sense of luxury. As it offers to us not just forms of adornment by way of clothing, but it also gives us a feeling of belonging and self enhancement. As the clothing we wear and who they are made by speak tremendously about our personality. The inspirational source behind the clothing we choose does impact us to a certain degree. In the next chapter I will give an in-depth analysis on how Fashion design has been influenced by artistic movements and paintings. Gianni Versace was a designer who was obsessed with the past. He was frequent in visiting museums and obsessed with their artworks. He studied the Byzantine art at the Metropolitan Museum of arts and was inspired by the metal found in byzantine art. Which he then put to use, by creating a metal neck cocktail top. Yves St. Laurent, from 1965-1966, made dresses which bore the artistic works of Abstract Painter Piet Mondrian. The welding of art and fashion, however found its most vivid expression in the Mondrian Dresses of Yves St. Laurent. His dresses came to be known as the Mondrian Dress and was called the Dress of Tomorrow (Mackrell, Art and Fashion, 2005, p. 147) Figure 7. The romance between fashion and the Surrealist movement began in the early 20s when the movement broke away from the written word to embrace objects. The appeal of Surrealism to the fashion industry is instantly obvious in their use of ordinary everyday objects and weird landscapes that transferred easily to fabric printing, jewellery, hats, couture etc, allowing designers the freedom to create art pieces, and this fascination worked both ways as what covered the body had always been important to the Surrealist philosophy, in the way that it allowed the imagination to wonder what lay underneath, and this translated easily into wearable garments. (Martin, 1990)